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202 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Er, Ist |
One who |
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Iatrician |
Practitioner |
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-logist |
One who studies |
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-logy |
Study or science of |
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-iatrics, iatry |
Medical profession or treatment |
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-logic, -logical |
Pertaining to the study of |
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-ac, -al, -ic, -ical |
Pertaining to |
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Autonomy |
Freedom or independence |
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Beneficence |
Taking positive actions to help others. |
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Nonmaleficence |
The avoidance of hurt or harm |
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Fidelity |
Agreement to keep promises. |
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Value |
Person belief about something. |
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Ethics |
A set of moral codes. |
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A competent health care provider must: |
1) provide safe care 2) continuing education 3) know policy and procedure 4)Ethical behavior. |
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Issues affecting the Health care delivery system: |
1) Safety- bsi, hand washing hygiene, fall prevention2)Evidence based practice- Basing practice of evidence and clinical expertise. 3)knowing client vs fragmented care- pt assessment and interacting with pt. 4)Multidisciplinary care rounds- Daily rounds, all pt discussed, having a plan for the day. 5) Pay for performance- Financial incentives from payers to motivate quality care. |
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Community Health Nursing: |
Focuses on the health care needs of individuals, groups and families withing the community. |
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Public Health Nursing: |
Is focused on understanding a population or one or more individuals who has personal or environmental characteristics in common. |
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Quality Improvement: |
Focuses on improving health related processes. ex medication administration. |
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Performance Improvement: |
Analyzes and evaluate current practice. |
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Ethical Issues in Research; |
1) Consent 2)Confidentiality 3)Anonymity 4Avoid harm to subject |
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Professional standards Review Organizations: |
Review the quality, quantity and cost of hospital care. |
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Managed Care Nurse: |
1) Monitors the utilization of resources 2)Checks on the progress of clients 3) Assess financial resources and expedite discharge planning. |
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Evidence base Practice: |
Is a problem solving approach to clinical practice that uses best practice and clinical expertise. |
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Managed Care Organization: |
*Must be enrolled *Approved primary care physician *Predetermined capitation payment *Focuses on health maintenace |
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Preferred Provider Organization: |
*Must be enrolled *Choice physician from Network or preferred provider *Focuses on health maintenance. |
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Diagnosis -related groups: |
Each group has a fixed reimbursement amount that can be adjusted based on region cost and teaching cost. |
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Capitation: |
Providers receive a fixed amount per person enrolled in healthcare plan. |
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Resource Utilization Groups: |
Fixed reimbursement rate for long term care facilities. |
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Extended care facilities: |
Provides care for people recovering from acute illnesses chronic illnesses or disability. |
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Respite care: |
Is a service that provides time off for people providing care for an I'll or disabled or frail adult. |
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Epidemiology: |
Teaching about health, Tracking incident rates of an illness and finding cases. |
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Evidence based practice steps: |
* Ask a clinical question *Collect relevant and best evidence *Critique the evidence *Integrate evidence in clinical arena *Evaluate the practice |
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PICO-T Format for asking a clinical question: |
P-patient population I- Intervention of interest C-Comparison of interest O-outcome T-time |
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Qualitative Research: |
Data in the form of written transcript. |
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Quantitative Research: |
Numerical data and statistical analysis. |
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Ethnography, Phenomenology and Grounded theory? |
Ethnography-Description of cultural behavior. Phenomenology -focuses on experiences. Grounded theory-real world observation. |
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Research process: |
Identify Problem Design the study protocol Conduct the study Analyze the data Use the findings. |
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Parts of Research Report: |
Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Reference s |
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Research based Practice: |
Knowledge based on systematic research studies. |
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Ethical Issues in Research: |
Consent Avoid harm of subjects Confidentiality Anonymity |
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World Health Organization defines health: |
State of complete physical, mental and social well being not just the absence of disease and infirmity. |
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Health behavior and illness behavior? |
Health behavior-Attitude to health Illness behavior-reaction to illness |
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What are some positive health behavior? |
Immunization Exercise Stress management Adequate Nutrition |
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Negative health behavior? |
Smoking Drugs Alcohol abuse Poor diet Medication refusal |
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Health belief Model: |
Addresses the relationship between a persons beliefs and behaviors. |
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Maslow's hierarchy of Needs. |
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Holistic Health Model states: |
-Clients are the experts in their own health -Clients are involved in their healing process -Clients assume responsibility for health maintenance -Recognizes the natural healing ability of the body. |
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Internal variables Influencing health belief practices |
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Passive Strategies of Health Promotion |
Benefits gained by the actions of others. Eg fluoridation of water supply, milk pasteurization |
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Active Strategies of Health Promotion |
Individual motivation to adopt specific health programs eg weight reduction, smoking cessation |
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Ethics |
Right or wrong behavior. |
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Code of ethics |
A professional guideline for safe and compassionate care. |
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Beneficience |
Taking positive acts to help other. The interest of the pt is more important than self interest. |
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Autonomy |
An agreement to include pts in all aspects of care as a way of respecting their independence. |
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Advocacy |
Promotes the health, safety and rights of the patient. |
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Confidentiality |
Protects the clients privacy. |
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Veracity |
Practicing truthfulness. |
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What is Cultural norm? |
Values adopted based off social setting. |
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Ethical theory Deontology |
Is a system of ethical decision making based on moral rules and unchanging principles. Actions are based on wrong and right. Emphasis is placed on principle regardless of outcome. Creator Emanuel lent 18th century. |
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Utilitarianism consequentialism |
Value of something is determined by its usefulness or effect. Values placed on outcome or consequences of action. Greatest good for the greatest number of people.
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Ethics of care (Theory) |
Nel noddings-emphasizes the role of feeling. The "one cared for " is the pt The "one caring " is the Rn/MD |
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Who is a Case manager. |
They establish plan of care and coordinate resources. |
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An Educator does what? |
Teaches. |
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What is the role of a counselor? |
Helps pt identify and clarify health problems. |
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What is the role of a client advocate? |
Help pt find information and services they need. |
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What is the role of a change agent? |
They create change. Empowers individuals to solve problems. |
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What is the role of a Caregiver? |
Manage and care for the health of the community. |
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Primary prevention is: |
Is promotion and protection through education, immunization, hygiene, and nutrition. |
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Secondary prevention is : |
Early diagnosis and treatment. |
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Tertiary Prevention is: |
Restoration and rehabilitation. |
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Risk factors are: |
Conditions that increases the vulnerability of an individual to develop an illness. Genetics Lifestyle Environment Age. |
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What is Nursing theories? |
Concepts of nursing that describes, predict or prescribe nursing care. |
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What is Domain? |
The perspective or view of a profession. It contains the : Values, Belief, Central problems and Central concepts of the the discipline. |
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What is a paradigm? |
A paradigm explains the linkage between philosophy, science and theory. |
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Nursing Paradigm? |
Explains the linkage between Person, Health and Environment. |
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What is a Theory? |
A theory contains a set of concepts, definition, assumptions or proposition that explains a phenomen. |
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What is a concept? |
Is an idea or mental image that can be used to describe or label a phenomena. |
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What are definitions? |
Definitions convey the general meaning of concepts. |
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Grand theories: |
*Are broad in scope and complex. *Require further specification through research. |
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Medium range theories: |
*Limited in scope. *Addresses specific phenomena and reflex's practice. |
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Descriptive Theories |
*Describe phenomena, why they occur and the consequences. *They explain, relate and sometimes predict. |
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Prescriptive theory: |
*Addresses nursing intervention and predicts the consequences of the intervention. *Test the validity and predictability of nursing intervention. |
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System Theory (Interdisciplinary theories) |
Input-Information enters the system. Output-The end product of the system. Feedback-output enter back into the system. |
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Which system interacts with the environment? |
Open system. Eg. Nursing process |
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Which system does not interact with the environment? |
Closed system. Eg. Experiment in a test tube. |
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Developmental theory (Interdisciplinary theory) |
Describes and predicts development and behavior through lifespan. |
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Nightingale Theory |
*She manipulated the environment. *Nursing education. *Observation and data collection. |
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Peplau's Theory ( Interdisciplinary Theory) |
*Interpersonal relationship. *Nurse, pt interaction. |
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Henderson Theory (Interdisciplinarity Theory) |
Move pt toward independence as soon as possible. |
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Orem's self care Theory (Interdisciplinary Theory) |
Increases the ability of the pt to meet and perform self care needs. |
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Nursing as an art and a science: |
As an ART- nursing relies on knowledge from practice and experience. As a SCIENCE- nursing relies on knowledge that is scientifically tested and applied to practice. |
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Statutory law are created by? |
State legislature and US congress. |
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The Nurse Practice Act defines the legal boundaries of nursing practice within? |
Each State. |
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Regulatory laws or Administrative laws are created by? |
An Administrator body eg. State board of nursing. |
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What is Common laws? |
Created by judicial decision made in court from previous cases. Eg. Informed consent. |
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Statutory laws takes 2 forms? |
CIVIL LAWS---protects the rights of individual persons in society. -violation causes harm to person and property. -Punished by repayment of money.
CRIMINAL LAW- prevent harm to society. -punished by imprisonment. |
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Criminal Law
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-prevents harm to society as a whole. -punished by imprisonment. |
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There are two types of Criminal law: |
Felony-is a crime of serious nature. -punished by imprisonment for more than a yr or death. Misdemeanor-a less serious crime Punished by a fine or imprisonment for less than a yr. |
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The American Nursing Association develops: |
Standard of practice and policy statements. |
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The Joint Commission (JTC) : |
*Awards accreditation to institution that are in compliance with standards. *No accreditation means no reimbursement from medicare and medicaid. *Hospitals that are accredited must have policy and procedure to guide practice. |
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Which organization license a registered nurse? |
The state board of nursing. |
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Examples of State Statutory Issues: |
Public health laws Uniform Determination of Death Act Physician Assisted Suicide Advance Directives Mental Health Parity Act HIPPA Restraints Licensure Good Samaritan Laws |
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Public Health laws mandates? |
Reporting suspected abuse, negligence, and violence. |
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The Uniform Determination of Death Act define death as: |
1) The irreversible cessation of the circulatory and respitory function.
2) The irreversible cessation of the brain. |
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Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA). |
*Prohibits patient dumping. *Patient cannot be discharge or transferred because of financial reasons, only if they stabilize and request transfer in writing. *Pt transfer must be appreciate-Accepting facility Accepting physician Medical record forwarded Transported by qualify personnel. |
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Mental Health Parity Act |
*Health insurance companies cannot discriminate against mental health coverage. *Potential suicide patients must be maintained under 1:1supervision and suicide precaution must be documented. |
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Who sets policies and guidelines for the procurement of organs? |
The United Network for Organ sharing. |
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Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( HIPAA) |
*Employees can change jobs without losing health insurance coverage as long as they had insurance coverage for 12 continuous months. *Phohibits sharing of medical information without patient consent. |
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Restraints |
* Are used to prevent unanticipated injury to self or others and interference with treatment. *Need a written order by physician. Duration is 24hrs. *Hospital and Nurse is liable for misuse of restraints. |
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What is a Tort? |
A civil wrong made against a person or property. |
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What is Assault? |
*An intentional threat to bring about harmful or offensive contact. *No contact is necessary. |
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What is Battery? |
Any intensional touching without consent. *It can be harmful *Cause physical injury *Or offensive to person's dignity. |
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What is Slander? |
Is speaking falsely about someone. Or oral harmful statements about another. |
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What is libel? |
Written harmful statements. Or written defamation of character. |
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What is Negligence? |
Conduct that falls below the standards of care. |
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What is Consent ? |
Signed permission to perform treatment. *Should be obtained by a physician. *Witnessed by a nurse. |
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SOAP |
S-subjective data (verbalization of pt.) O-objective data ( that which is measured and observed.) A-assessment ( diagnosis based on the data.) P-plan ( what the caregiver plans to do.) |
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What is Documentation? |
is anything written or printed on which you rely as a record or proof of patient action and activities. |
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Who is Mary Mahoney? |
*First African American nurse. *She focused on cultural diversity and respect for the individual. |
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Who is Mary Ann Ball? |
*She organized ambulance services. *Searched the battle fields at night for wounded soldiers. Nurse pioneer during the civil war. |
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Who is Dorothea Dix? |
*She organized supplies for the troops *Organized primitive hospital. |
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Who is Clara Barton? |
*Founder of the American Red Cross. *Cared for soldiers on the battle field during civil war. *Assisted surgeons with amputation in abandoned farm house turn operating room. *Cleaning wounds, comfort care , nutrition. |
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Sigma Theta Tau is? |
Honor society for nurses. |
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Current influences on Nursing are ? |
Healthcare reform-emphasis on prevention and hospital to community setting care. Increased polulation-geriatrics and increase in unemployed and uninsuried. Nursing shortage |
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Current influences on nursing: |
*Healthcare reform. *Increase population. *Nursing shortage. |
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Characteristics of a profession: |
*Provide a specific service. *Code of ethics of practice. *A Theoretical body of scientific knowledge. *Autonomy in decision making. |
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The ANA standard of practice Nursing Process: |
ADOP-ICHE A-assessment D-Diagnosis O-outcome P-plan I-implement C-coordinate care H-healthcare teaching E-evaluate |
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What does the National League for nursing do? |
*Focuses on Nursing education *Approves and accredits nursing education programs. |
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Occupational health nurse: |
Observe and assess the workers health status with respect to job task and hazards. |
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What is physical hazards? |
Places a pt at risk of accident injury and death. |
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What is the leading cause of death in older adults 65 or older? |
Falls |
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The laeafing cause of unintentional death is? |
Motor vehicle accident. |
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The most serious health consequences from falls are? |
Fractures. |
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Some safety risks at developmental stage includes? |
Choking Falls Drowning Lead poisoning |
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Safety risk at developing stages: |
Infants/Toddler/Preschooler *Choking *Drowning *Falls *Lead poisoning School age Children *Abduction /Strangers *Sports injury *Helmets *Street crossing Adolescence Smoking Alcohol Drugs Sexual pressure MVA Depression Anxiety Adults Smoking Alcohol MI CVA Stress |
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Physical changes in older adults that increases the risk of accidents: |
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Intervention to promote child safety |
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Interventions to promote adolescent safety? |
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CMS (center for medicare and medicaid services) |
*Names Serious Reportable Events "Never Events." *Denies hospitals payment for any hospital acquired condition. *Conditions are nurse sensitive. *Hospitals to develop safety practices. |
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Risks in Health Care Agency: |
*Falls *Equipment related accidents *Procedure related accidents *Patient inherent accidents. |
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Restraints are: |
A device that is used to immobilize a client or extremity. *The optimum condition for a patient is a restraint free environment. *Clients who are at risk for injuries from wandering, falls or disruptive or behavioral issues may need restraints temporarily. |
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Two main objectives of restraints are: |
*To reduce the risks of injury from falls. *Prevent the interruption of therapy. |
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Fire Intervention Guidelines |
R-Rescue client A-Activate alarm C-Confine fire E-Extinguish |
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How to use fire extinguisher. |
P- pull the pin. A- Aim at bottom of fire. S- Squeeze the handle. S- sweep from side to side. |
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Types of extinguishers. |
Type A- Ordinary combustible Type B- Inflammable liquids Type C- Electrical equipment |
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Bioterrorism: |
Use of biological agents to create fear and harm. |
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Mitigation: |
Assessment process to determine hazard vulnerability. |
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JTC Emergency Management Plan addresses: |
*Mitigation- Assessment process to determine hazard vulnerability. *Prepareness- Steps taken to increase a hospitals ability to manage the effects of an attack. *Response-Steps taken by staff in the event of an attack.
*Recovery- Steps taken to recover essential services. |
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The Patient Self Determination Act states? |
That health care facilities has to provide pts with written information concerning their right to make health care decisions. |
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Living wills |
*Are written documents that direct the treatment in advance. *The has to be 2 witnesses who are not relatives or MD. |
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Durable Power of attorney |
Designates a person to make health care decisions when a client cannot. |
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Do Not Resuscitation (DNR) |
*Is an order to withhold treatment. *All pts will be resuscitated unless there is a written DNR. *Slow code is unacceptable. |
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Uniform Anotomical Gift Act |
*An individual 18yrs or older can make an organ donation or anatomical gift to take effect upon or after death. *Must be made in writing. *Signed by the donor. |
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What is culture? |
A group of people who shares values and ways of thinking and acting that is different from people outside the group. |
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What is Assimilation? |
When an individual gives up his or her ethnic identity in favor of the dominant culture. |
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What is Assimilation? |
When an individual gives up his or her ethnic identity in favor of the dominant culture. |
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What is Enculturation? |
Socialization into one's own culture as a child. |
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What is Biculturation? |
When an individual identifies equally to two or more cultures. |
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What is Emic perspective? |
Insider or native perspective. |
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What is Eric perspective? |
Outsider perspective. |
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What is transcultural Nursing? |
A comparable study of cultures to understand similarities and differences across human groups. |
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What is cultural Cultural imposition? |
Cultural blindness, imposing one's own values and Life style in dealing with others. |
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What is cultural pain? |
Client experiences pain when their valued way of life is disregarded by a practioner. |
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What do personalistic practitioners believe? |
Illness is due to external agents which can be human or non human. Traditionalist view of illness believe in amulets to be free of disease. |
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Family as a context focuses on? |
Focuses on the the health and development of individual family members in the family. |
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Family as a client focuses on? |
Focuses on family processes and relationships. |
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Family as a system focuses on? |
the care of Individuals and family. |
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What is Self Concept? |
How one thinks about himself or herself. |
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What is Identify? |
Internal sense of individuality and wholeness. |
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What is body image? |
Attitude related to your body , physical appearance and structure. |
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What is Faith? |
Is a relationship with a higher power or authority. |
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What is religion? |
A system of organized belief and worship. |
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Who is an Agnostic? |
A person who believes that the existence of God cannot be proven or disproved. |
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What is Spiritual distress? |
Loss of faith and feeling of abandonment. |
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There are four different types of loss: |
1) Actual loss-loss of person or object that can no longer be felt,heard, known or experienced. 2)perceived loss-may not be obvious to others but real to client. 3)Maturational loss-changes in development talk process 4)Situational loss-sudden, unpredictable loss |
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What is Grief? |
Is an emotional response to loss. |
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What is Mourning? |
The outward expression of loss. |
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What is Basal Metabolic Rate? |
The energy required of a person at rest to maintain life sustaining activity. |
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What is Nitrogen? |
It is a component of protein. |
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Fats |
Animal fats contain higher proportion of saturated fat (bad). Vegetables fat contains a higher proportion of unsaturated fat (good). |
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What is the purpose of Assessment? |
-assesses the actual and potential threat to the patients safety. -determines the impact of the underlying illness. -age related. |
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What does Center Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) called Serious Reportable Events? |
Never events. -Denies hospital payment for any hospital acquired condition. -Conditions are nurse sensitive. -hospital to develop safety practices. |
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Risks in Healthcare |
Falls- increase the length of stay and possible other complications. Patient Inherent Accident-accidents cause by pt except falls. Procedure Related Accident -caused by healthcare provider. Equipment Related Accident-equipment malfunction. |
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What is Mitigation? |
Assessment process that determine hazard vulnerability. |
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What is Preparedness ? |
Steps taken to increase a hospital ability to manage the effects of an attack. |
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What is Response? |
Steps taken by hospital staff in the event of an attack. |
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What is recovery? |
Steps taken to restore essential services. |
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Foods that are night in Potassium: |
Banana Orange Apricots Potato Tomato |
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Foods that are high in Iron: |
Green leafy vegetable Dried fruits Nuts and beans Organ meat Fortified Cereal |
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Foods high in saturated fats: |
Animal fat Whole milk Cheese Butter Tropical oil- coconut and palm oil |
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Foods night in unsaturated fats: |
Vegetable oil Fish oil |
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Foods high in fiber: |
Oatmeal Bran Root vegetables Cabbage Whole gains Fresh fruits |
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What are the three domains of learning? |
Cognitive-Includes all intellectual behavior that requires thinking. Affective-Expression of feelings and acceptance of attitudes, opinions and values. Psycomotor-skills that require mental and muscle use. |
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What is teaching? |
An interactive process that promotes learning. |
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What is learning? |
Acquisition of new knowlege, behavior and skill. |
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What is Self Efficacy? |
A persons perceived ability to successfully complete a task. |
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Teaching based on Developmental stages. |
Infancy-trust, security and routine. Toddlers- incorporate into play, use easy words and pictures. School age- Psychomotor skills Adolescents-Use problem solving to help them make choices. Young Adults-Independent learning. Older Adults-Short sessions, consider sensory changes. |
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What is Nursing Diagnosis? |
The clinical jusdgement that describes the patients actual and potential response to a health problem. |
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What is Medical Diagnosis? |
Identification of disease through the evaluation of physical signs and symptoms, medical history, results of diagnostic tests and procedure. |
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Nursing diagnosis? |
A statement that describes the patients actual and potential response to a health problem that the nurse Is licensed and competent to treat. |
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Sigmund Freud psychoanalytic and psychosocial developmental stages are: |
Stage 1: Oral-sucking and oral satisfaction. ( birth-1yr and half) Stage 2: Anal- toilet training. ( 1yr and half -3yr) Stage 3: Phallic-focus on genital organs. Fantasize about parent of opposite sex. ( 3yr-6yr) Stage 4: Latency-engage in productive activities that are socially acceptable. (6yr-12yr) Stage 5: Genital -develops balance between pleasure seeking drives and social pressure. |
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Jean Piaget Theory of Cognitive development for children. |
Period 1: Sensorimotor (birth to 2yrs) Object permanence. Period 2: Preoperational (2yrs-7yrs) parallel play and language develops. Period 3: Concrete operations (7-11yrs) Perform mental operations. Period 4: Formal operations (11-adulthood) Abstract thinking and reasoning. ( can see different possibilities during reasoning.) |
