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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is an acid
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liberates H ions in solution
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What is a base
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accepts H in solution
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Normal diet consumes more acid/base?
Acid/Base are produced as a byproduct of metabolism? |
acid
acid |
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What is a volatile acid?
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brk down easily and cross alveolar capillary membrane to be removed by lungs - carbonic acid H2CO3
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What is a fixed acid?
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Organic acid that cannot be removed by lungs - HCl
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What is an important base and where is it made?
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Bicarbonate - HCO3-
Kidneys |
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What is the normal range for pH in body?
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7.35-7.45
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What is the ratio between Carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion?
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1:20
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How does the respiratory system compensate for acid/base imbalances?
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hyperventilation would rapidly decrease amount of CO2 - reduce H2CO3
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What are the three compensatory mechanisms?
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1) Buffers
2) respiratory system 3) metabolic system |
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Are chemical buffers fast or slow acting?
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Fast
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Where do chemical buffers provide the most protection? Against what?
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In the ECF
Against H+ |
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How do chemical buffers act?
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They act as chemical sponge, absorbing or releasing H+ ions as needed
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What are three chemical buffers?
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1) Protein
2) Bicarb-Carbonic Acid 3) Phosphate |
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Which is the most powerful buffer system within cells and in plasma?
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Protein buffer
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Which is the most important protein buffer?
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Hemoglobin
Immediate - so someone with decreased Hg will also have decr buffering capacity |
H
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Which buffer acts predominantly in the ECF?
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bicarb-CA
Immediate |
B-CA
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Which organs regulates B-CA buffer system?
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kidney - bicarbonate
lungs - carbonic acid (through exhalation of CO2) - therefore, pts with resp probs will also have buffering probs |
K, L
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In which fluid compartment do phosphate buffers mainly work?
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ICF
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I
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How do phosphate buffers work?
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Excretion of H+ in renal tubules
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K
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What are the respiration rate responses to acidemia/alkalemia
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Up rate - get rid of excess CO2
Down rate - keep CO2 |
alko = low
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how long does it take to compensate via respiratory mechanisms?
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1-2 minutes
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super fast
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What is carbonic acid?
how is it broken down into CO2 |
H2CO3
H2CO3 --> H2O and CO2 (expired) |
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In what ways does renal regulation of acid/base balance work?
(2 separate systems) |
H+ excreted by kidneys' proximal and distal tubules
HCO3- reclamation by proximal and regeneration in collecting ducts |
H+
HCO3- |
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What 3 ways is H+ excreted by kidneys?
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Water
ammonium Sodium dihydrogen phosphate |
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What (3) causes respiratory acidosis?
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1- hypoventilation (acute)
2- narcotics/anesthetics/barbituates 3- acute/chronic resp disease (chronic) |
HAN
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What are S&S of resp acidosis?
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- laboured resps
- confusion - muscle twitching - N&V - coma - diaphoresis - arrythmia (K+) |
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What are 7 causes of metabolic acidosis?
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- renal failure
- shock - infection - uncontrolled DM - lactic acidosis - starvation - severe GI disturbance |
SIR LUSS
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What are S&S of metabolic acidosis
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- Kussmaul respirations (gasp and rapid)
- restlesness - N&V - coma - diaphoresis - arrhythmias |
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What are 7 causes of respiratory alkalosis
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- altitude hyperventilation
- anxiety - fever - asthma - embolism - drug OD - CO poisoning |
AD A FACE
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What are S&S of respiratory alkalosis?
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- Dizziness
- confusion - tetanic seizures - convulsions = usually acute |
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What are 4 causes of metabolic alkalosis?
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- excessive HCl loss - vomiting,
- suction - diuretics - overuse antacid - rarely = excessive HCO3 admin |
DOVS
HCl loss |
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What are S&S of metabolic alkalosis
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- shallow resps
- vomiting - confusion - tetanic seizures - convulsions = mainly chronic |
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What can ABG tell you (3)?
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- ventilation status
- oxygenation status - acid/base balance |
OVA
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What are normal ABG values?
pH PCO2 PO2 HCO3 O2 sat? |
7.35-7.45
35-45 mmHg 80-95 mmHg 22-26 mEg/L 92-100% |
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What does PaCO2 reflect?
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Ventilation
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What is the cut off for hypoventilation?
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PaCO2>45mmHg
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What is the cut of for hyperventilation?
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PaCO2<35mmHg
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What does HCO3 reflect?
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Renal metabolic activity
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What is compensation?
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The degree to which the body has managed to maintain homeostasis with regulatory mechanisms
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