Nursing 272: Neurological System

Front 1

agnosia

Back 1

loss of ability to recognize importance of sensory impressions

Front 2

agraphia

Back 2

loss of ability to express thoughts in writing

Front 3

amnesia

Back 3

loss of memory

Front 4

analgesia

Back 4

loss of pain sensation

Front 5

aphasia

Back 5

loss of power of expressions by speech writing or signs, or of comprehension of spoken or written language

Front 6

apraxia

Back 6

loss of ability to perform purposeful movements in the absence of sensory or motory damage: inability to use objects correctly

Front 7

ataxia

Back 7

inability to perform coordinated movements

Front 8

athetosis

Back 8

bizzarre, slow, twisting, writhing movements, resembling snake or worm

Front 9

chorea

Back 9

sudden, rapid, jerky, purposeless movement involving limbs, trunk or face

Front 10

clonus

Back 10

rapidly alternating involuntary contraction and relaxation of a muscle in response to sudden stretch

Front 11

coma

Back 11

state of profound unconsciousness from which person cannot be aroused

Front 12

decerebrate rigidity

Back 12

arms stiffly extended, adducted, internal rotated: legs stiffly extended plantar flexed

Front 13

decorticate rigidity

Back 13

arms adducted and flexed, wriste and fingers flexed: legs extended, internally rotated, plantar flexed

Front 14

dysarthia

Back 14

imperfect articulation of speech due to problems of muscular controcl resulting from central or peripheral nervous system damage

Front 15

dysphasia

Back 15

impairment in speech consisting of lack of coordination and inability to arrange words in their proper order

Front 16

extinction

Back 16

dissapearance of conditioned response

Front 17

fasciculation

Back 17

rapid continous twitching of resting muscle without movement of limb

Front 18

flaccidity

Back 18

loss of muscle tone, limp

Front 19

graphesthesia

Back 19

ability to read a number by having it traced on the skin

Front 20

hemiplegia

Back 20

loss of motor power on one side of the body, usually caused by a cerebrovascular accident; paralysis occurs on the side opposite the lesion

Front 21

lower motor neuron

Back 21

motorn neuron in the peripheral nervous system with its nerve fiber extending out to the muscle and only its cell body in the central nervous system

Front 22

myclonus

Back 22

rapid sudden jerk of muscle

Front 23

nuchal rigidity

Back 23

stiffness in cervical neck area

Front 24

nystagmus

Back 24

back-and-forth oscillation of the eyes

Front 25

opisthotonos

Back 25

prolonged arching of back, with head and heels bent backward, and meningeal irritation

Front 26

paralysis

Back 26

decreased or loss of motor function due to problem with motor nerve or muscle fibers

Front 27

paraplegia

Back 27

impairment or loss of motor and/or sensory fuction in the lower half of the body

Front 28

paresthesia

Back 28

abnormal sensation i.e. burning numbness, tingling, prickling, crawling skin sensation

Front 29

point localization

Back 29

ability of the person to discriminate exactly where on the body the skin is being touched

Front 30

proprioception

Back 30

sensory information concerning body movements and position of the body in space

Front 31

spasticity

Back 31

continous resistance to stretching by a muscle due to abnormally increased tension with increased deep tendon reflexes

Front 32

stereognosis

Back 32

ability to recognize objects by feeling their forms, size, and weight while the eyes are closed

Front 33

Tic

Back 33

repetitive twitching of muscle group at inappropriate times, wink, grimace

Front 34

tremor

Back 34

involuntary contraction of opposing muscle groups resulting in rhythmic movement of one or more joints

Front 35

two point discrimination

Back 35

ability to distinguish the seperation of two simultaneous pinpricks on the skin

Front 36

upper motor neuron

Back 36

nerve located entirely without the central nervous system

Front 37

CNS includes?

Back 37

brain and spinal cord;
CNS from EFFERENT fibers to the motor.

Front 38

PNS includes?

Back 38

12 Cranial nerves, 31 pairs of spinal nerves, and all their branches; AFFERENT fibers to CNS.

Front 39

Cerebral Cortex is..

Back 39

center for humans highest function, governing thought, memory, reasoning, sensation and voluntary movement.

Front 40

Hemisphere

Back 40

Cerebrum in two halves. Left and Right Hemisphere.95% of people are Left Hemisphere.

Front 41

4 Lobes

Back 41

Each hemisphere broken up to 4 lobes. Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal.

Front 42

Frontal

Back 42

Personality, behavior, emotion, intellectual functions. If damaged, Broca's area=expressive aphasia(person understands language but can't talk or garbled speech)

Front 43

Parietal

Back 43

Sensation.

Front 44

Occipital

Back 44

Visual Receptor

Front 45

Temporal

Back 45

Primary auditory reception center.If damage, Wernicke's area=receptive aphasia(person hears sound, but has no meaning like foreign language)

Front 46

Damage occurs in specific cortical areas produces..

Back 46

loss of function in motor weakness, paralysis, loss of sensation, impaired ability to understand and process language.Neurological cells are deprived of their blood supply or when artery occlusions or vascular bleeding.

Front 47

Basal Ganglia function

Back 47

Control autonomic movements of the body; arms swing while alternating with legs during walking

Front 48

Thalamus function

Back 48

Main relay station for CNS. Pathways of spinal cord and brain stem form SYNAPSES on to Cerabral Cortex

Front 49

Hypothalamus function

Back 49

Major control center; T, HR, BP control, sleep, anterior/posterior pituitary gland regulator, autonomic nervous system activity and emo status

Front 50

Cerebellum function

Back 50

located under occipital lobe; motor coordination of voluntary movements, equilibrium, and muscle tone. "automatic pilot"= does not initiate but coordinates it i.e. playing piano

Front 51

Brain stem function

Back 51

Central core of the brain. 3 areas Midbrain, pons, medulla

Front 52

Midbrain function

Back 52

aterior part of brain, merges into thalamus and hypothalamus.

Front 53

Pons

Back 53

contain ascending and desceding fibers

Front 54

medulla function

Back 54

continuation of spinal cord to brain. Vital autonomic centers: Respiratory, heart, GI function, nuclei for CN VIII through XII. Pyrimidal decussation occurs-cross of motor fibers.

Front 55

Spinal Cord function

Back 55

medulla to lumbar vertebrae L1-L2. Main highway for Ascending and descending fibers that connect brain and cord, also mediates reflexes.

Front 56

spinothalamic tract contains sensory fibers that transmit?

Back 56

sensation of pain, temp, and crude/light touch.

Front 57

Crossed representation?

Back 57

LEFT cerebral cortex receieve sensory info. & control motor function to the RIGHT side of the body. (Inverse relation)

Front 58

Common sensory pathway?

Back 58

*Sensation > afferent fibers > peripheral nerve > dorsal root > spinal cord > can go to 2 routes; spinothalmic tract or Dorsal Columns.

Front 59

Spinothalamic route

Back 59

from dorsal root of spinal cord > 2ndary neuron > cross opposite side > ascend up to spinothalamic tract (lateral-pain/temp)(anterior-crude touch) > thalamus > Parietal lobe.

Front 60

posterior (dorsal) columns

Back 60

fibers conduct the sensations of position, vibration, and finely localized touch.

Front 61

What are the 4 types of reflexes?

Back 61

1. deep tendon reflex(myotatic)e.g. patellar or knee jerk
2. superficial e.g. corneal reflex, abd flex
3. visceral (organic) e.g. pupillary response to light and accomodation
4. pathologic (Abnormal) e.g. babinski or extensor plantar reflex.

Front 62

What are the 5 components of deep tendon reflex(myotatic)?

Back 62

1. intact sensory nerve(afferent)
2. functional synapse in the cord
3. intact motor nerve fiber(efferent)
4. neuromuscular junction
5. components of muscles

Front 63

Where does the 12 cranial nerves travel and an exception of one nerve?

Back 63

Travel to heart, respiratory muscles, stomach and gallbladder, except one nerve, Vagus nerve,known was the "vagabond"

Front 64

Spinal nerves.How many? and what are the regions?

Back 64

31 pairs.
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

Front 65

somatic fibers innvervate?

Back 65

skeletal/voluntary muscles

Front 66

autonomic fibers innervate?

Back 66

smooth/involuntary muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands.

Front 67

dsykinesias

Back 67

muscle tremors in hands, head and jaw, along with possible facial grimacing d/t AGING.

Front 68

Dermatome

Back 68

circumscribed skin area that is applied mainly from one spinal cord segment through particular spinal nerve.

Front 69

Dermal segmentation

Back 69

cutaneous distribution of the various spinal nerves.

Front 70

Dermatome landmark of thumb, middle finger and 5th finger?

Back 70

c6-thumb
c7- middle finger
c8-5th finger

Front 71

dermatome landmark of axilla?

Back 71

T1

Front 72

dermatome landmark of nipple?

Back 72

T4

Front 73

dermatome landmark of umbilicus?

Back 73

T10

Front 74

dermatome landmark of groin?

Back 74

L1

Front 75

dermatome landmark of knee?

Back 75

L4

Front 76

CN I

Back 76

Olfactory nerve, sensory, smelll

Front 77

CN II

Back 77

Optic, sensory, vision

Front 78

CN III

Back 78

oculomotor, mixed, motor & parasympathetic

Front 79

CN IV

Back 79

Trochlear, motor, down/inward movement of eye

Front 80

CN V

Back 80

Trigeminal, mixed, motor-mastication muscle

Front 81

CN VI

Back 81

Abducens, Motor, Lateral movement of eye

Front 82

CN VII

Back 82

Facial, Mixed, Motor & Sensory

Front 83

CN VIII

Back 83

Acoustic, Sensory, Hearing & Sensory

Front 84

CN IX

Back 84

Glossopharyngeal, mixed, motor & sensory & parasymphatetic

Front 85

CN X

Back 85

Vagus, mixed, motor & sensory & parasympathetic

Front 86

CN XI

Back 86

Spinal, motor, movement of trapezius and sternomastoid muscles

Front 87

CN XII

Back 87

Hypoglossal, motor, Movement of tongue

Front 88

By the age of 80 how many percent has the brain decreased by?

Back 88

the brain decreases 15% in weight by age 80 due to loss of neurons.

Front 89

Due to neuron loss, what signs would someone over 65 years of age show that is normal for a younger adult?

Back 89

1. loss of muscle bulk
2. loss of muscle tone in the face
3. loss of muscle tone in the neck
4. loss of muscle tone around the spine
5. decreased in muscle strenght
6. impaired fine coordination and agility
7. loss of vibratory sense at ankle
8. absent of achilles reflex
9. loss of position sense of big toe
10. pupillary miosis decrease
11. irregular pupil shape
12. decrease pupillary reflex

Front 90

dyskinesias

Back 90

repetitive facial grimacing

Front 91

In aging a decrease in cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption can cause?

Back 91

decrease blood flow can cause dizziness/loss of balance/positioning.

Front 92

seizures occur with..?

Back 92

occurs with epilepsy(a paroxysmal disease characterized by altered or loss of consciousness, involuntary muscle movements, and sensory disturbance

Front 93

Aura define?

Back 93

a subjective sensation that precedes a seizure; it could be auditory, visual, motor

Front 94

what are tremors?

Back 94

an involuntary shaking, vibrating, or trembling

Front 95

what are paresis?

Back 95

partial or incomplete paralysis

Front 96

what are paralysis?

Back 96

loss of motor function due to a lesion in the neurologic or muscular system or loss of sensory innvervations

Front 97

What are dysmetria?

Back 97

inability to control range of motion of muscles

Front 98

What are parathesia?

Back 98

abnormal sensation e.g. burning, tingling

Front 99

Why do older adults have a increase of falling?

Back 99

with a diminished blood flow and diminished vestibular response may stagger with position change and can lead to falls.

Front 100

micturition syncope define?

Back 100

temporary loss of conciousness upon urinating.

Front 101

senile tremor

Back 101

a tremor occur with older people and can be relieved by alcohol, although not recommended.

Front 102

romberg test description

Back 102

ask person to close eyes and to hold the position. wait about 20 seconds.

a positive test indicates loss of balance, you eliminate the advantage of orientation with eyes. Occurs with people with cerebellar ataxia( multiple sclerosis, alcohol intoxication), loss of proprioception, and loss of vestibular function.