Nursing 205B Oncology

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Differentiation

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The process where a cell changes in structure and function as it matures.

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Well-Differentiation

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Cancer cells that closely resemble the tissue of origin.

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Anaplasia (Undifferentiated)

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Reverting to a less developed stat; the loss of structural organization or differentiation of cells, and useful fuction of a cell. (no longer can fuction as a useful cell).

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Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC)

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The real number of white blood cells that are neutrophils. (vulnerable to infections)

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Adjuvant Therapy

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Use of treatment with no evidence of metastases. It's used after primary surgical treatment.

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Apoptosis

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programmed cell death according to the genetic limitiation of the lifespan of a cell. This can be important in limiting the growth of tumors.

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Bands

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An immature developing leukocyte in the circulating blood. (image of leukocytes in blood)

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B-Cells: B-lymphocyte

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Originates in the bone marrow. Precursor to a plasma cell. Protects against bacterial infection; lymphocytes that transform into plasma cells and secrete antibodies.

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Blast Cell

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An immature form of a blood cell (ex. erythroblast, lymphoblast,etc.) (should not see blast cells in circulating blood)

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CA-125

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An antigen produced by epithelia tissues. Tumor marker for epithelial cancers, especially ovarian cancer. Used mainly to assess and the response to treatment.

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Cancer in SITU

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Early stage cancer; before the invasion of surrounding tissues; usually implies total cancer removal with surgical incision or biopsy.

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Carcinogenesis

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The transformation of normal cells into cancer cells. the process of initiation, promotion, and progression.

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CEA

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carcinoembryonic antigen- tumor marker for colon cancer, and other abdominal cancers, plus ovarian cancer.

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Cytokines

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proteins secreted by various cell types and involved in cell-to-cell commuication, coordinating antibody and T-cell immune interactions, and amplifying immune reativity. The include colony stimulating factors, interferons, and lymphokines, whic are secreted by lymphocyes. (cells commuincate with each other.)

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Cytoprotective medication

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Administered immediately before RT or chemo to prevent severe reactions to the drug.
(Mesna given with Ifex).

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Erythropoetin

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A hormone secreted by te kidneys to stimulate bone marrow to make Red Blood Cells.

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Extravasation

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leakage or infiltration of a vesicant chemotherapy agent into local tissue. Can result in tendon and nerve damage and may progress 6 months after incident.

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FIGO

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(staging) Federation of Gynocology and Obstetrics.

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Graph Vs. Host (GVHD)

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Bone marrow of the donor contains antigens not matched to the recipients' antigens. Antigens begin attacking body cells. (get from a donor, affects organ cells.)

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HER2

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Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2

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Metastasis

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The spread of cells from a primary tumor via the lymphatic system or circulatory system to distant body parts where such cells give rise to tumor mass.

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Nadir

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The period of time when cancer treatment medications have their most profound effects on the bone marrow. (blood counts are at lowest in response to treatment)

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Mucositis

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Inflammation of any mucus membrane (any where along the GI tract; from mouth to esophagus)

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Neoplasm

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an abnormal mass of cells typically exhibiting progressive and uncontrolled growth; classifies by the cell type from which they originate and thir biologic behavior.

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Oncogene

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Pieces of genetic information located in the cell. Carcinogens may activate oncogens and alter the regulatory mechanisms of the cell.

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PAP

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Prostatic Acid Phosphatase

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Plasma Cell

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a cell that originates from B-cell lymphocytes and secretes an antibody.

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PSA

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Prostatic Serum Antigen (screening test)

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Rescue Agents

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Administered subsequently to chemo or RT to counteract effects of the medication/treatment (Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factors)

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Stem Cell

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a cell with unlimited reproductive capacity. They have potential to develop into several different types of mature cells.

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Stomatitis

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Inflammation of the mouth- including lips, tongue, and mucous membranes. (painful)

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T-Cells

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Originate from stem cells. Monitors the immune system. Acts directly on antigens to destroy them.

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Tumor Lysis Syndrome

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Rapid release of intracellular metabolites during chemo that leads to hyperuricemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hyperkalemia. (emergency situations)

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Tumor Marker

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a product produced by a cancer cell or in response to the presence of cancer, which may be released into the circulation or may remain associated with the cancer cell.

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VEGF

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Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor- a substance made by the cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation (impairs blood circulation)

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Vesicant

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any agent that has potential to cause blistering or tissue necrosis when extravasted.

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Xerostomia

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Dry Mouth- usually caused by salivary impairment caused by cancer treatment.

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Pan

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entire, all

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Neut

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Neutral

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Carcin

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Cancer

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Leuk

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White, WBC

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Immuno

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Immune, immunity

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Adeno

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Gland

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Myelo

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Spinal cord, bone marrow

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-penia

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decreased from normal; deficiency

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-blast

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embryonic state of development; Germ; bud

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-poiesis

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Production; Formation

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-emia

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Blood

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-oma

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tumor

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-plasia

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growth
cellular proliferation

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-genesis

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producing forming

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-blastoma

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immature cell
(neoplasm)

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pancytopenia

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reduction in all cellular elements of the blood (lack of cells)

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Adenocarcinoma

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A malignant tumor arising from a gladular organ

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Hyperplasia

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Excessive proliferation of normal cells in the normal tissue arrangement of an organ.

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Carcinogen

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Any substance or agent that produces cancer or increases the risk of developing cancer in humans or animals.

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Leukopenia

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Abnormal decrease of WBC usually below 5000/mm3.

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Erythropoiesis

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the formation of RBC

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Carcinogenesis

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Transformation of normal cells into cancer cells often result of chemical, viral, radioactive damage to genes.

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Granulocytosis

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an abnormal increase in the number of granulocytes in the blood

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Adenoma

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benign tumor made of epithelial cells; usually arranged like gland cells.

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Myelosuppression

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inhibition of bone marrow function.