Nursing 130 - Olol - Iv Therapy, Ivpb Meds & Blood Admin

Front 1

ABO Groups

Back 1

identifies what antigens are on a person's RBC's
- Blood group system
-A series of antigens exhibiting similar serological and physiological characteristics, and inherited according to a specific pattern.
-Blood Groups: A (antigen: A, antibody: anti-B);
B (antigen: B, antibody: anti-A);
AB (antigen: A and B, antibody: neither);
O (antigen: neither anti-A or anti-B, antibody: anti-A,anti-B).

Front 2

Air embolism

Back 2

a medical condition caused by gas bubbles in the bloodstream (in a medical context refers to any large moving mass or defect in the blood stream). Small amounts of air often get into the blood circulation accidentally during surgery and other medical procedures, but most of these in veins are stopped at the lungs, and a venous _____ that shows symptoms is very rare. Death may occur if a large bubble of gas becomes lodged in the heart, stopping blood from flowing from the right ventricle to the lungs

Front 3

Antibody

Back 3

(also known as immunoglobulins) are proteins that are found in blood or other bodily fluids of vertebrates, and are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects, such as bacteria and viruses
-responds to antigens

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Autologous blood transfusion

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the process of transfusing blood or blood-based products from one person into the circulatory system of their own (auto = self)

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Crossmatching of blood

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the testing that is performed to determine the compatibility of a donated unit of blood for its intended recipient

Front 6

Designated or Directed Donor

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family or friends donate blood for a pt receiving a tranfusion

Front 7

Electrolytes

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commonly exist as solutions of acids, bases or salts It is a material that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts an electric current.
a substance containing free ions that behaves as an electrically conductive medium

Front 8

Extravasation

Back 8

refers to the leakage of a fluid out of its container.
refers to leakage of medicinal drugs during intravenous (IV) infusion.

Front 9

Fluid volume Deficit (hypovolemia)

Back 9

loss of ECF volume, exceeds the intake of fluid. ratio of serum elect. to water remains the same. FVD can be caused by a wide range of diseases and states that impair water homeostasis in the body.

FVD (hypovolemia) should not be confused with the term dehydration, which refers to loss of water alone, with increased serum sodium levels.

Front 10

Hemolysis

Back 10

destruction of RBCs -can result from an abnormalities w/in the erythrocyte, plasma or from direct injury to the cell w/in circulation, form of anemia

Front 11

Heparin Lock

Back 11

A small tube connected to a catheter in a vein in the arm for easy access.is a sterile solution for
intravenous flush only. It is not to be used for anticoagulant therapy. HEP-LOCK U/P is specially
formulated for use in situations where the use of preservatives is not advisable. Each mL contains
heparin sodium 10 or 100 USP units

Front 12

Homologous blood transfusion

Back 12

donor & recipient are different people

Front 13

Hypertonic

Back 13

contains a higher concentration of electrolytes than that found in body cells. If such a solution is allowed to enter the blood stream, the osmotic pressure difference between the blood and the cells will cause water to flow out of the cells, which will then shrink. This may cause serious harm, or even be fatal. Consequently, it is essential when blood transfusions are given, or blood replacement products are used, that the electrolyte concentration in the material to be given to a patient matches that of the body

Front 14

Hypotonic

Back 14

solution is one in which the concentration of electrolyte is below that in cells. In this situation osmotic pressure leads to the migration of water into the cells, in an attempt to equalize the electrolyte concentration inside and outside the cell walls. If the difference in concentration is significant, the cell walls may rupture, leading to the death of the cell. Consequently, it is vital that the electrolyte concentration of liquids used during blood transfusions be matched to that in cell

Front 15

Infiltration

Back 15

unintentional admin into surrounding tissues. causes:IV dislodges & perforates the wall of the vein. characterized by edema around the site, leakage of IV fluids. Must stop IV, d/c, inspect site, apply dressing and warm compresses, elevate extremity

Front 16

Infusion

Back 16

is defined as the introduction of fluid other than blood into your vein, or intravenously. It is a way to administer drugs or nutrients that cannot be taken by mouth

Front 17

Infusion pump

Back 17

positive pressure device that uses pressure to infuse fluid. The pressure exerted overrides vascular resistance

Front 18

Intravenous

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giving of liquid substances directly into a vein. It can be intermittent or continuous; continuous administration is called an intravenous drip. The word ____________ simply means "within a vein", but is most commonly used to refer to IV therapy

Front 19

Intravenous Piggyback (IVPB)

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The _______ method is an intermittent intravenous drip of a second solution through the venipuncture site of an established primary IV system. The __________ technique eliminates the need for another venipuncture and dilutes the medication to reduce irritation. Peak blood levels are achieved in 30 to 60 minutes for most drugs

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Isotonic

Back 20

this solution bears the same chemical resemblance of the body’s blood, plasma and tears. All fluids in the body have a certain concentration, referred to as osmotic pressure. The body’s common osmotic pressure, which is ________, allows a consistent maintenance of body tissues. In order for a substance to be absorbed and used in the body’s metabolism, it must be transported in an _______ -D5W or NS

Front 21

Osmolarity

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is a measure of the concentration of substances such as sodium, chloride, potassium, urea, glucose, and other ions in human blood. It is calculated as the osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent. Normal osmolality in plasma is about 280 - 303 milli-osmoles per kilogram. It is affected by changes in water content.

Front 22

Packed Red Blood Cells (PRBC)

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are a preparation of red blood cells separated from the blood plasma. It is used to treat certain forms of anemia.used for transfusions

Front 23

Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC)

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is a form of intravenous access that can be used for a prolonged period of time, e.g. for long chemotherapy regimens, extended antibiotic therapy or total parenteral nutrition. It is inserted in a peripheral vein, such as the cephalic vein, basilic vein, or brachial vein and then advanced through increasingly larger veins, toward the heart until the tip rests in the distal superior vena cava or cavo-atrial junction.

Front 24

Phlebitis

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is an inflammation of a vein, usually in the legs.

associated with the formation of blood clots (thrombosis), usually in the deep veins of the legs, the condition is called thrombophlebitis

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Platelets

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also called thrombocytes, are the cells circulating in the blood that are involved in the cellular mechanisms of primary hemostasis leading to the formation of blood clots. Dysfunction or low levels of ________ predisposes to bleeding, while high levels, although usually asymptomatic, may increase the risk of thrombosis. An abnormality or disease of the __________ is called a thrombocytopathy.

Front 26

Plasma

*

Back 26

is the liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. It makes up about 55% of total blood volume.

Hint 26

Plasmapheresis is a type of medical therapy involving separation of plasma from red blood cells

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RH factor

Back 27

Each person's blood is one of four major types: A, B, AB, or O. Blood types are determined by the types of antigens on the blood cells. Antigens are proteins on the surface of blood cells that can cause a response from the immune system. is a type of protein on the surface of red blood cells. Most people who have this are Rh-positive. Those who do not have this are Rh-negative.

Front 28

Saline lock

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is used to provide IV access in patients who do not require continuous infusion of solutions and administration of multiple medications is not anticipated. it may be used to administer one to two medications in an emergency situation, prior to connecting a primed IV line

Front 29

Sepsis

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is a serious medical condition characterized by a whole-body inflammatory state caused by infection

Front 30

Thrombophlebitis

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is swelling of a vein caused by a blood clot. It usually occurs in your legs. If the affected vein is just beneath the skin, the condition is usually not dangerous. A clot in a deeper vein, called deep vein thrombosis, can break loose and cause a serious problem in the lung, called a pulmonary embolism, or a heart attack or stroke

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Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)

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is the practice of feeding a person intravenously, bypassing the usual process of eating and digestion. The person receives nutritional formulas containing salts, glucose, amino acids, lipids and added vitamins

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Transfusion reaction

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is any adverse event which occurs because of a blood transfusion. These events can take the form of an allergic reaction, a transfusion-related infection, hemolysis related to an incompatible blood type, or an alteration of the immune system related to the transfusion

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Typing of blood

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the presence or absence the immunogenic blood group antigens, the A antigen, the B antigen and the RhD antigen are always determined for all recipient and donor blood. This identifies the ABO blood group and the RhD antigen status, which are both stated in the common terminology A positive, O negative, etc., where a capital letter (A, B or O) refers to the ABO blood group, and positive or negative refers to the presence or absence of the RhD antigen of the Rhesus blood group system

Front 34

Universal donor

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With regard to transfusions of whole blood or packed red blood cells, individuals with type O negative blood are often called _____________, and those with type AB positive blood are called universal recipients

Front 35

Universal recipient

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can receive from any blood type, has no antibodies present - type AB

Front 36

Vascular access devices

Back 36

such as insulin pens, epi-pens for anaphylactic shock,

Front 37

Venipuncture

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is the process of obtaining a sample of venous blood.Usually a 5 ml to 25 ml sample of blood is adequate depending on what blood tests have been requested

Front 38

Whole blood

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(what people usually donate) contains all of the blood components. Each donated unit (about a pint) is usually separated into several blood products, such as red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and/or cryoprecipitate. This allows doctors to give patients only the components they need, as well as to stretch out the blood supply.

Front 39

Fluid Volume Excess (hypervolemia)

Back 39

Contributing Factors: Compromised regulatory mechanisms, such as renal failure, heart failure, and cirrhosis; overzealous administration of sodium-containing fluids; and fluid shifts (ie, treatment of burns). Prolonged corticosteroid therapy, severe stress, and hyperaldosteronism

Signs/Symptoms and Laboratory Findings: Acute weight gain, peripheral edema and ascites, distended jugular veins, crackles, and elevated CVP, shortness of breath, ↑ blood pressure, bounding pulse and cough, ↑ respiratory rate
Labs indicate: ↓ hemoglobin and hematocrit, ↓ serum and urine osmolality, ↓ urine sodium and specific gravity.

Front 40

Antigen

Back 40

Any substance that causes the body to produce natural antibodies.

Front 41

Anaphylactic reaction

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A severe inflammatory reaction resulting from the combination of an antigen with IgE bound to mast cells (via Fc receptor), which leads to degranulation of the mast cell and release of histamine and histamine-like substances. Localised or global immune responses ensue and result in an acute allergic reaction with shortness of breath, rash, wheezing, low blood pressure, etc.