Nursing 130 - Olol - Cardiovascular Terminology

Front 1

Action potential

Back 1

an electrical impulse consisting of a self-propagating polarizations and depolarization, transmitted across the cell membranes of a nerve fiber during the transmission of a nerve impulse and across the cell membranes of a muscle cell during contraction

Front 2

Afterload

Back 2

the amount of resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle

Front 3

Aneurysm

Back 3

a localized sac or dilation of an artery formed at a weak point in the vessel wall

Front 4

Angioplasty

Back 4

an invasive procedure that uses a balloon-tipped catheter to dilate a stenotic area of a BV

Front 5

Angina pectoris

Back 5

chest pain brought about by myocardial ischemia

Front 6

Apical impulse (PMI)

Back 6

impulse normally palpated at the fifth intercostal space, left midclavicular line; caused by contraction of the Left ventricles

Front 7

Arteries (away)

Back 7

one of the large BV carrying blood in a direction away from the heart. Has 3 layers: the adventitia, tunic media and intima with an outer coat and inner coat.

Front 8

Arterioles

Back 8

one of the BV of the smallest branch of the arterial circulation

Front 9

Arteriosclerosis

Back 9

"hardening" of arteries; diffuse process whereby muscle fibers & endothelial lining of walls of small arteries & arterioles become thickened

Front 10

Atheroma

Back 10

fibrous cap composed of smooth muscle cells that forms over lipid deposits within arterial vessels and the protrudes into the lumen of the vessels, narrowing the lumen and obstructing blood flow a.k.a. plaque

Front 11

Atherosclerosis

Back 11

abnormal accumulation of lipid deposits and fibrous tissue within arterial walls and lumen

Front 12

Atrium

Back 12

a chamber or cavity, in the heart or the nasal cavity

Front 13

Left atrium

Back 13

receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins

Front 14

Right atrium

Back 14

receiving deoxygenated blood from the superior/inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus

Front 15

Angiography

Back 15

the x-ray visualization of the internal anatomy of the heart and BV; after the intravascular introduction of radio plaque contrast medium

Front 16

Automaticity

Back 16

ability of the cardiac cells to initiate an electrical impulse

a property of specialized excitable tissue that allows self-activation through spontaneous development of an AP, as in the PM cells of the heart

Front 17

Baroreceptors

Back 17

nerve fibers located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries that are responsible for reflex control of the blood pressure

Front 18

Blood pressure

Back 18

the pressure exerted by the circulating volume of the blood on the walls of the arteries, the veins and the chamber of the heart

Front 19

Systolic pressure

Back 19

the BP measured during ventricle contractions

Front 20

Diastolic pressure

Back 20

This pressure is specifically the minimum arterial pressure during relaxation and dilatation of the ventricles of the heart when the ventricles fill with blood.

Front 21

Bruit

Back 21

sound produced by turbulent blood flow through an irregular, stenotic, or dilated vessel

Front 22

Capillaries

Back 22

tiny vessels joining arterioles and venules. Blood tissue and cells exchange various substances

Front 23

Cardiac catheterisation

Back 23

an invasive procedure used to measure cardiac chamber pressure and assess patency of the coronary arteries

Front 24

Cardiac conduction system

Back 24

specialized heart cells strategically located throughout the heart that are responsible for generating and coordinating the transmission of electrical impulses to the myocardial cells

Front 25

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

Back 25

primary pacemaker of the heart, located on the R atrium

Front 26

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Back 26

located in septum wall of the R atrium. Second pacemaker of the heart; receives impulses from the SA and conducts to the bundle of HIS and ventricles

Front 27

Bundle of His

Back 27

where impulses are transmitted from AV to ventricles

Front 28

Right bundle branch

Back 28

cont. toward apex and supplies R vent.

Front 29

Left bundle branch

Back 29

penetrates the fibrous septum and L vent.

Front 30

Purkinje fibers

Back 30

where the ends of both bundle branches end; myocardial fibers and extend into walls of vent.

Front 31

Cardiac output

Back 31

amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in liters per minute; normal is 5 L per minute in the resting adult heart

Front 32

Circulation

Back 32

movement of an object or substance through a circular course so that it returns to its starting pt, such as circulation of blood

Front 33

Pulmonary circulation

Back 33

from R vent. to lungs for blood to become reoxygenated

Front 34

Systemic circulation

Back 34

from L vent. through aorta to whole body (oxygen. blood)

Front 35

Cholesterol

Back 35

fat soluble crystalline steroid alcohol

Front 36

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

Back 36

a protein-bound lipid that transports cholesterol to tissues in the body; composed of a lower proportion of protein to lipid than HDL: exerts a harmful effect on the arterial wall

Front 37

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

Back 37

a protein bound lipid that transports cholesterol to the liver for excretion in the bile; composed of higher proportion of protein to lipid that LDL; exerts a beneficial effect on the arterial wall

Front 38

Chordae tendineae

Back 38

the strands of tendon that anchor the cusps of the mitrial and tricuspid valve to the papillary muscles of the vent. of the heart, preventing prolapse of the valve into the atria during vent. contraction

Front 39

Compliance

Back 39

the elasticity or amt of “give” when blood enters the vent.

Front 40

Conductivity

Back 40

the process by which a nerve impulse is transmitted

Front 41

Congestive heart failure

Back 41

a fluid overload condition (congestion) associated with heart failure

Front 42

Contractility

Back 42

the ability of cardiac muscles to shorten in response to an electrical impulse

Front 43

Coronary artery bypass (CABG)

Back 43

a surgical procedure in which BV from another part of the body is grafted onto the occluded coronary artery

Front 44

Coronary arteries

Back 44

blood supply for the heart

Front 45

Left coronary artery (LCA)

Back 45

one of a pair of branches from the ascending aorta, arising in the left posterior aortic sinus, diving into the left interventricular artery and the circumflex branch, supplying both ventricles and the L atrium

Front 46

Left main artery

Back 46

The left coronary artery has three branches. The artery from the point of origin to the first major branch is called...

Hint 46

pg. 783

Front 47

Left anterior descending artery
*

Back 47

Two branches arise off the left main coronary artery: the ....., courses down the anterior wall of the heart

Hint 47

pg783

Front 48

Circumflex artery


*

Back 48

circles around to the lateral left wall of the heart. one of two branches of the Left main coronary artery

Hint 48

pg 783

Front 49

Right coronary artery (RCA)

Back 49

one of a pair of branches of the ascending aorta, arising in the right posterior aortic sinus, passing along the right side of the coronary sinus, dividing into the right interventricular artery and a large marginal branch, supplying both vent. the R atrium and the SA node

Front 50

Posterior descending artery


*

Back 50

The posterior wall of the heart receives its blood supply by an additional branch from the right coronary artery called the __________.

Hint 50

pg 783

Front 51

Cardiac veins

Back 51

veins of the heart

Front 52

Cyanosis

Back 52

bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by an excess of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule

Front 53

Cyanosis Peripheral or (peripheral cyanosis)

*

Back 53

results from decreased blood flow to a certain area of the body, as in vasoconstriction of the nail beds or earlobes from exposure to cold, and does not necessarily indicate a central systemic problem.

Hint 53

pg 568

Front 54

Cyanosis Central

Back 54

is assessed by observing the color of the tongue and lips. This indicates a decrease in oxygen tension in the blood

Front 55

Depolarization

Back 55

electrical activation of a cell caused by the influx of NA into the cell while K exits the cell

Front 56

Diastole

Back 56

period of vent. relaxation resulting in vent. filling

Front 57

Dyslipidemia

Back 57

abnormal blood lipid levels, including high total, LDL, and triglycerides levels as well as low HDL levels

Front 58

Dyspnea on exertion (DOE)

Back 58

shortness of breath that occurs with exertion

Front 59

Electrocardiogram (ECG,EKG)

Back 59

a graphic record produced by an electrocardiograph

Front 60

Echocardiography

Back 60

a diagnostic procedure for studying the structure and motion of the heart

Front 61

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)

Back 61

threading a small transducer through the mouth and into the esophagus which provides clear images because of ultrasound waves that are passing through tissue

Front 62

Electrophysiology study (EPS)

Back 62

invasive procedure that plays a major role in the diagnosis and management of serious dysrhythmias

Front 63

Ejection fraction

Back 63

percentage of the end-diastolic blood volume ejected from the ventricle with each heartbeat

Front 64

Endocardium

Back 64

the lining of the heart chambers, containing small BV’s and a few bundles of smooth muscle. It is cont. with the endothelium of the great BV’s

Front 65

Epicardium

Back 65

one of the three layers of tissue that form the wall of the heart. It is composed of single sheet of squamous epithelial cells overlying delicate CT. visceral portion of the serous pericardium

Front 66

Excitability

Back 66

the property of a cell that enables it to react to irritation of stimulation; such as the reaction of a nerve or myocardial cell to adequate stimulation

Front 67

Heart failure (HF)

Back 67

the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of the tissues for O2 and nutrients; s/s of pulmonary and sys congestion may or may not be present

Front 68

Left-sided heart failure (left ventricular failure)

Back 68

inability of the LV to fill or pump (empty) sufficient blood to meet the needs of the tissue for O2 and nutrients; traditionally term used to describe patient’s symptom of heart failure

Front 69

Right-sided heart failure (right ventricular failure)

Back 69

inability of the RV to fill or pump sufficient blood to the pulmonary circulation

Front 70

Heart valves

Back 70

Controls the flow of blood by opening & closing with each heartbeat

Front 71

Atrioventricular

Back 71

between atrium & ventricle

Front 72

Tricuspid valve

Back 72

AV valve located btw the right atrium & ventricle

Front 73

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

Back 73

AV valve located btw the Left atrium & ventricle

Front 74

Semilunar

Back 74

btw ventricle, pulmonic & aorta

Front 75

Pulmonic valve

Back 75

semi lunar valve located btw the right ventricle & pulmonic artery

Front 76

Aortic valve

Back 76

semilunar valve located btw the left ventricle & aorta

Front 77

Hematoma

Back 77

a swelling containing blood

Front 78

Hemodynamic monitoring

Back 78

use of monitoring devices to measure CV fxn

Front 79

Holter monitor

Back 79

telemetry monitor-box-24 hrs on; don’t take off; read when pt brings it back

Front 80

Hypertension

*

Back 80

Increased:
1 sympathetic nervous system activity
2.renal reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and water
3. activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Decreased vasodilation of the arterioles
BP readings of over 140/90 mmHg

Hint 80

pg 1023

Front 81

Primary hypertension

*

Back 81

high blood pressure from an unidentified cause

Hint 81

pg. 1021

Front 82

Rebound hypertension

*

Back 82

pressure that is controlled with therapy and that becomes uncontrolled (abnormally high) with the discontinuation of therapy

Hint 82

pg 1021

Front 83

Secondary hypertension

*

Back 83

high blood pressure related to identified causes.

Hint 83

These causes include narrowing of the renal arteries, renal parenchymal disease, hyperaldosteronism (mineralocorticoid hypertension), certain medications, pregnancy, and coarctation of the aorta

Front 84

Hypertensive emergency

Back 84

a situation in which blood pressure is severely elevated and there is evidence of actual or probable target organ damage

Front 85

Hypertensive urgency

Back 85

a situation in which blood pressure is severely elevated but there is no evidence of target organ damage

Front 86

Hypotension

Back 86

decrease in BP less than 100/60 mmHg

Front 87

Intermittent claudication

Back 87

a muscular, cramp-like pain in the extremities consistently reproduced with the same degree of exercise or activity and relieved by rest

Front 88

International normalized ration (INR)

Back 88

a standard method for reporting prothrombin levels, eliminating the variation in test results from laboratory to laboratory

Front 89

Ischemia

Back 89

insufficient tissue oxygenation

Front 90

Myocardial ischemia

Back 90

condition in which heart muscle cells receive less O2 than needed

Front 91

Metabolic syndrome

Back 91

a cluster of metabolic abnormalities including insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, & HTN that increases the risk of CVD

Front 92

Murmurs

Back 92

sounds created by abnormal, turbulent flow of blood in the heart

Front 93

Myocardium

Back 93

muscle layers of the heart responsible for pumping action of the heart

Front 94

Myocardial infarction (MI)

Back 94

death of heart tissue caused by lack of oxygenated blood flow; if acute, abbreviated AMI

Front 95

Orthopnea

Back 95

an abnormal condition in which a person must sit or stand in order to breathe deeply or comfortably. It occurs in many disorders of the cardiac & respiratory system, such as asthma, pulmonary adema, emphysema, pneumonia, & angina pectoris

Front 96

Pallor

Back 96

an unnatural paleness or absence of colour in the skin

Front 97

Papillary muscles

Back 97

any one of the rounded or conical muscular projections attached to the chordate tendinae in the ventricle of the heart. Assist with AV valves to help open

Front 98

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)

Back 98

shortness of breath that occurs suddenly during sleep

Front 99

Pericardium

Back 99

fibrous sac that surrounds the heart & the roots of the great vessels

Front 100

Parietal pericardium

Back 100

lines the inside of the fibrous pericardium

Front 101

Visceral pericardium

Back 101

adheres to surface of the heart

Front 102

Pericardial sac

Back 102

holds the heart

Front 103

Pericardial space

Back 103

space between the parietal & visceral pericardium

Front 104

Pericardiocentesis

Back 104

procedure that involves aspiration of fluid from the pericardial sac

Front 105

Preload

Back 105

degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole

Front 106

PTCA (percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty)

Back 106

a type of percutaneous coronary intervention in which a balloon is inflated within a coronary artery to break an athoroma & open the vessel lumen, improving coronary artery blood flow

Front 107

Postural (orthostatic) hypotension

Back 107

a significant drop in BP (usually 10 mmHg systolic or more) after an upright posture is assumed

Front 108

Pulmonary edema

Back 108

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space or in the alveoli of the lungs

Front 109

Pulmonary vascular resistance

Back 109

resistance to right ventricles ejection of blood

Front 110

Pulse deficit

Back 110

a condition that exists when the radial pulse is less that the ventricular rate as auscultated at the apex or seen on the EKG. The condition indicates a lack of peripheral perfusion for some of the heart contractions.

Front 111

Pulse pressure

Back 111

the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures, normally 30-40 mmHg

Front 112

Pulsus paradoxus

Back 112

systolic BP of more than 10mmHg, higher during exhalation than during inspiration; difference is normally less than 10 mmHg

Front 113

Radionuclide imaging

Back 113

the non invasive exam of various parts of the body, especially the heart, using a radio pharmaceutics, such as Prallium 201 & a detection device, such as a gamma camera, rectilinear scanner, or positron camera

Front 114

Refractory period

Back 114

the interval after the excitation of a neuron or the contraction of a muscle during which depolarization of the cell membrane occurs

Front 115

Absolute refractory period

Back 115

cell is incapable of responding to any stimulus, regardless of its strength, because of total depolarization

Front 116

Relative refractory period

Back 116

as depolarization is underway, a stimulus intensity above the threshold may elicit a response even though the normal resting potential of the cell has not been reached

Front 117

Repolarization

Back 117

return of the cell to resting state, caused by re-entry of K+ into the cell, while Na+ exits the cell

Front 118

Rest pain

Back 118

persistent pain in the foot or digits when the pt is resting, indicating a severe degree of arterial insufficiency

Front 119

Rubor

Back 119

reddish blue discoloration of the extremities; indicative of severe peripheral arterial damage in vessels that remain dilated & unable to constrict

Front 120

Stenosis

Back 120

narrowing or obstruction of a cardiac valve’s orifice

Front 121

Stent

Back 121

a woven mesh that provides structural support to a coronary vessel, preventing its closure

Front 122

Stroke Volume

Back 122

amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle with each contraction

Front 123

Sudden cardiac death

Back 123

immediate cessation of effective heart activity

Front 124

Systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

Back 124

resistance to the Left ventricle ejection

Front 125

Systole

Back 125

period of ventricular contraction resulting in ejection of blood from the ventricles into the pulmonary artery & aorta

Front 126

Telemetry

Back 126

the process of continuous EKG monitoring by the transmission of radio waves from a battery-operated transmitter worn by the patient

Front 127

Thrombocytopenia

Back 127

an abnormal hematologic condition in which the number of platelets is reduced, usually by destruction of erythroid tissue in bone marrow. Assist with certain neoplastic diseases or an immune response to a drug

Front 128

Triglycerides

Back 128

a compound consisting of a fatty acid & glycerol

Front 129

Vasoconstriction

Back 129

narrowing of the lumen of any blood vessel, especially the arterioles and the veins in the blood reservoirs of the skin and the abdominal viscera

Front 130

Vasodilation

Back 130

widening or distension of BV, particularly arterioles, usually caused by nerve impulses or certain drugs that relax smooth muscle in the walls of the Blood vessel

Front 131

Veins

Back 131

one of the many vessels that convey blood from the capillaries to the heart as part of the plum/venous system; the system venous network or the portal venous complex

Front 132

Venules

Back 132

any one of the small blood vessels that gather blood from the capillary plexuses and anastomose to form the veins

Front 133

Ventricles

Back 133

a small cavity, such as one of the cavities filled with CSF in the brain, or the right and left _____ of the heart

Front 134

Right ventricle

Back 134

the relatively thin walled chamber of the heart that pumps blood received from the right atrium into the pulmonary arteries to the lungs for oxygenation. Shorter and rounder than the long, conical left ventricle

Front 135

Left ventricle

Back 135

thick walled, pumps blood through the aorta and the systemic arteries, the capillaries and back through the veins to the right atrium

Front 136

Viscosity

Back 136

pertaining to the quality of a sticky or gummy fluid, an effect caused by the adhesion of adjacent molecules