Nursing

Front 1

Loss of pregnancy before the fetus is viable outside the uterus; miscarriage.

Back 1

Abortion

Front 2

Partial or total premature separation of a normally implanted placenta.

Back 2

Abruptio placentae

Front 3

Periodic increases in the baseline fetal heart rate.

Back 3

Accelerations

Front 4

Cyanosis of the extremities.

Back 4

Acrocyanosis

Front 5

Suppression or absence of menstruation.

Back 5

Amenorrhea

Front 6

Removal of amniotic fluid by insertion of a needle into the amniotic sac; amniotic fluid is used to assess fetal health or maturity.

Back 6

Amniocentesis

Front 7

The liquid surrounding the fetus in utero. It absorbs shocks, permits fetal movement, and prevents heat loss.

Back 7

Amniotic fluid

Front 8

Amniotic fluid that has leaked into the chorionic plate and entered the maternal circulation.

Back 8

Amniotic fluid embolism

Front 9

The artificial rupturing of the amniotic membrane.

Back 9

Amniotomy

Front 10

The outer two-thirds of the fallopian tube; fertilization of the ovum by a spermatozoon usually occurs here.

Back 10

Ampulla

Front 11

Time between conception and the onset of labor; usually used to describe the period during which a woman is pregnant.

Back 11

Antepartum

Front 12

A scoring system used to evaluate newborns at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth. The total score is achieved by assessing five signs: heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color. Each of the signs is assigned a score of 0, 1, or 2. The highest possible score is 10.

Back 12

Apgar score

Front 13

Cessation of respiration lasting longer than 20 seconds.

Back 13

Apnea

Front 14

A technique of palpation to detect or examine a floating object in the body. In obstetrics, the fetus, when pushed, floats away and then returns to touch the examiner's fingers.

Back 14

Ballottement

Front 15

Pink-tinged mucous secretions resulting from rupture of small capillaries as the cervix effaces and dilates.

Back 15

Bloody show

Front 16

Intermittent painless contractions of the uterus that may occur every 10 to 20 minutes. They occur more frequently toward the end of pregnancy and are sometimes mistaken for true labor signs.

Back 16

Braxton Hicks contractions

Front 17

Subcutaneous swelling containing blood found on the head of an infant several days after birth; it usually disappears within a few weeks to 2 months.

Back 17

Cephalhematoma

Front 18

The "neck" between the external os and the body of the uterus. The lower end of the cervix extends into the vagina.

Back 18

Cervix

Front 19

Birth of fetus accomplished by performing a surgical incision through the maternal abdomen and uterus.

Back 19

Cesarean birth

Front 20

An objective change or probable sign of pregnancy, is a blue-purple discoloration of the cervix caused by increased vascularization of the uterus during pregnancy.

Back 20

Chadwick's sign

Front 21

(melasma gravidarum) Brownish pigmentation over the bridge of the nose and the cheeks during pregnancy and in some women who are taking oral contraceptives. Also called mask of pregnancy.

Back 21

Chloasma

Front 22

Alternating muscular contraction and relaxation; often used to describe seizure activity.

Back 22

Clonic

Front 23

Secretion from the breast before the onset of true lactation; contains mainly serum and white blood corpuscles. It has a high protein content, provides some immune properties, and cleanses the neonate's intestinal tract of mucus and meconium.

Back 23

Colostrum

Front 24

Loss of heat from the warm body surface to cooler air currents.

Back 24

Convection

Front 25

A small yellow body that develops within a ruptured ovarian follicle; it secretes progesterone in the second half of the menstrual cycle and atrophies about 3 days before the beginning of menstrual flow.

Back 25

Corpus luteum

Front 26

Appearance of the presenting fetal part at the vaginal orifice during labor.

Back 26

Crowning

Front 27

Periodic decreases in the baseline fetal heart rate.

Back 27

Decelerations

Front 28

A long-acting, injectable progestin contraceptive.

Back 28

Depo-Provera

Front 29

A supportive companion who accompanies a laboring woman to provide emotional, physical, and informational support and acts as an advocate for the woman and her family.

Back 29

Doula

Front 30

A communication channel between the main pulmonary artery and the aorta of the fetus. It is obliterated after birth by rising PO2 and changes in intravascular pressure in the presence of normal pulmonary functioning. It normally becomes a ligament after birth but sometimes remains patent

Back 30

Ductus arteriosus

Front 31

A fetal blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood between the umbilical vein and the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver; it becomes a ligament after birth.

Back 31

Ductus venosus

Front 32

The time length of each contraction, measured from the beginning of the increment to the completion of the decrement

Back 32

Duration

Front 33

Defined as the occurrence of either seizure or coma associated with pregnancy and not caused by other neurologic disease.

Back 33

Eclampsia

Front 34

Implantation of the fertilized ovum outside the uterine cavity; common sites are the abdomen, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Also called oocyesis.

Back 34

Ectopic pregnancy

Front 35

Thinning and shortening of the cervix that occurs late in pregnancy or during labor.

Back 35

Effacement

Front 36

Ectopic endometrium located outside the uterus in the pelvic cavity. Symptoms may include pelvic pain or pressure, dysmenorrhea, dispareunia, abnormal bleeding from the uterus or rectum, and sterility.

Back 36

Endometriosis

Front 37

The entrance of the fetal presenting part into the superior pelvic strait and the beginning of the descent through the pelvic canal.

Back 37

Engagement

Front 38

Incision of the perineum to facilitate birth and to avoid laceration of the perineum.

Back 38

Episiotomy

Front 39

Regional anesthesia effective through the first and second stages of labor.

Back 39

Epidural block

Front 40

Loss of heat incurred when water on the skin surface is converted to a vapor.

Back 40

Evaporation

Front 41

Tubes that extend from the lateral angle of the uterus and terminate near the ovary; they serve as a passageway for the ovum from the ovary to the uterus and for the spermatozoa from the uterus toward the ovary.

Back 41

Fallopian tubes

Front 42

The fetal body part that enters the maternal pelvis first. The three possible presentations are cephalic, shoulder, and breech.

Back 42

Fetal presentation

Front 43

Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary during the first half of the menstrual cycle, stimulating development of the graafian follicle.

Back 43

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Front 44

In the fetus, unossified space, or soft spots, consisting of a strong band of connective tissue lying between the cranial bones of the skull.

Back 44

Fontanelles

Front 45

Special opening between the atria of the fetal heart. Normally, the opening closes shortly after birth; if it remains open, it can be repaired surgically.

Back 45

Foramen ovale

Front 46

The time between the beginning of one contraction and the beginning of the next contraction.

Back 46

Frequency

Front 47

The upper portion of the uterus between the fallopian tubes.

Back 47

Fundus

Front 48

A form of diabetes of variable severity with onset or first recognition during pregnancy.

Back 48

Gestational diabetes mellitus

Front 49

Softening of the cervix that occurs during the second month of pregnancy.

Back 49

Goodell's sign

Front 50

A pregnant woman.

Back 50

Gravida

Front 51

Lifting of the chest wall during contraction.

Back 51

Heaving

Front 52

A softening of the lower uterine segment found upon palpation in the second or third month of pregnancy.

Back 52

Hegar's sign

Front 53

A cluster of changes including hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count; sometimes associated with severe preeclampsia.

Back 53

HELLP syndrome

Front 54

A hormone produced by the chorionic villi and found in the urine of pregnant women. Also called prolan.

Back 54

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Front 55

The premature dilatation of the cervix, usually in the second trimester of pregnancy.

Back 55

Incompetent cervix

Front 56

The time from the onset of true labor until the birth of the infant and delivery of the placenta.

Back 56

Intrapartum

Front 57

Prominences that arise near the junction of the ilium and ischium and jut into the pelvic cavity; used as a reference point during labor to evaluate the descent of the fetal head into the birth canal.

Back 57

Ischial spines

Front 58

Yellow pigmentation of body tissues caused by the presence of bile pigments.

Back 58

Jaundice

Front 59

The stimulation of uterine contractions before the spontaneous onset of labor, with or without ruptured fetal membranes, for the purpose of accomplishing birth.

Back 59

Labor induction

Front 60

Fine, downy hair found on all body parts of the fetus, with the exception of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet, after 20 weeks' gestation.

Back 60

Lanugo

Front 61

Excessive growth of a fetus in relation to the gestational time period.

Back 61

Large for gestational age (LGA)

Front 62

Symmetrical decrease in fetal heart rate beginning at or after the peak of the contraction and returning to baseline only after the contraction has ended, indicating possible uteroplacental insufficiency and potential that the fetus is not receiving adequate oxygenation.

Back 62

Late decelerations

Front 63

A series of four maneuvers designed to provide a systematic approach whereby the examiner may determine fetal presentation and position.

Back 63

Leopold's maneuvers

Front 64

Moving of the fetus and uterus downward into the pelvic cavity.

Back 64

Lightening

Front 65

Maternal discharge of blood, mucus, and tissue from the uterus; may last for several weeks after birth.

Back 65

Lochia

Front 66

White vaginal discharge that follows lochia serosa and that lasts from about the 10th to the 21st day after birth.

Back 66

Lochia alba

Front 67

Red, blood-tinged vaginal discharge that occurs following birth and lasts 2 to 4 days.

Back 67

Lochia rubra

Front 68

Pink, serous, and blood-tinged vaginal discharge that follows lochia rubra and lasts until the 7th to 10th day after birth.

Back 68

Lochia serosa

Front 69

Anterior pituitary hormone responsible for stimulating ovulation and for development of the corpus luteum.

Back 69

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Front 70

A probable sign of pregnancy characterized by an ease in flexing the body of the uterus against the cervix.

Back 70

McDonald's sign

Front 71

Dark green or black material present in the large intestine of a full-term infant; the first stools passed by the newborn.

Back 71

Meconium

Front 72

Tiny white papules appearing on the face of a neonate as a result of unopened sebaceous glands; they disappear spontaneously within a few weeks.

Back 72

Milia

Front 73

Shaping of the fetal head by overlapping of the cranial bones to facilitate movement through the birth canal during labor.

Back 73

Molding

Front 74

Flexion of the newborn's thighs and knees accompanied by fingers that fan, then clench, as the arms are simultaneously thrown out and then brought together, as though embracing something. This reflex can be elicited by startling the newborn with a sudden noise or movement. Also called the startle reflex.

Back 74

Moro reflex

Front 75

A collection of thick mucus that blocks the cervical canal during pregnancy.

Back 75

Mucous plug

Front 76

Woman who has been pregnant more than once.

Back 76

Multigravida

Front 77

Woman who has had more than one pregnancy in which the fetus was viable.

Back 77

Multipara

Front 78

A method of determining the estimated date of birth (EDB): after obtaining the first day of the last menstrual period, subtract 3 months and add 7 days.

Back 78

Nagele's rule

Front 79

A woman who has never been pregnant.

Back 79

Nulligravida

Front 80

A woman who has not delivered a viable fetus.

Back 80

Nullipara

Front 81

Hormone normally produced by the posterior pituitary, responsible for stimulation of uterine contractions and the release of milk into the lactiferous ducts.

Back 81

Oxytocin

Front 82

A harmless condition caused by the normal reduction of red blood cells, occurring 48 or more hours after birth, peaking at the 5th to 7th day, and disappearing between the 7th and 10th day.

Back 82

Physiologic jaundice

Front 83

Specialized disk-shaped organ that connects the fetus to the uterine wall for gas and nutrient exchange. Also called afterbirth.

Back 83

Placenta

Front 84

Abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower uterine segment. Classification of type is based on proximity to the cervical os: total-completely covers the os; partial-covers a portion of the os; marginal-is in close proximity to the os.

Back 84

Placenta previa

Front 85

After childbirth or delivery.

Back 85

Postpartum

Front 86

(adjustment reaction with depressed mood) A maternal adjustment reaction occurring in the first few postpartal days, characterized by mild depression, tearfulness, anxiety, headache, and irritability.

Back 86

Postpartum blues

Front 87

Pregnancy that lasts beyond 42 weeks' gestation.

Back 87

Postterm pregnancy

Front 88

Toxemia of pregnancy, characterized by hypertension, albuminuria, and edema.

Back 88

Preeclampsia

Front 89

(PROM) Rupture may be PROM (premature), SROM (spontaneous), or AROM (artificial).

Back 89

Premature rupture of membranes

Front 90

The fetal part present in or on the cervical os.

Back 90

Presenting part

Front 91

Any infant born before 38 weeks' gestation.

Back 91

Preterm infant

Front 92

Labor occurring between 20 and 38 weeks of pregnancy.

Back 92

Preterm or premature labor

Front 93

A woman who is pregnant for the first time.

Back 93

Primigravida

Front 94

A woman who has given birth to her first child (past the point of viability), whether or not that child is living or was alive at birth.

Back 94

Primipara

Front 95

A hormone produced by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta whose function is to stimulate proliferation of the endometrium to facilitate growth of the embryo.

Back 95

Progesterone

Front 96

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulates and sustains lactation in mammals.

Back 96

Prolactin

Front 97

Umbilical cord that becomes trapped in the vagina before the fetus is born.

Back 97

Prolapsed umbilical cord

Front 98

The first fetal movements felt by the pregnant woman, usually between 16 and 18 weeks' gestation.

Back 98

Quickening

Front 99

Heat loss incurred when heat transfers to cooler surfaces and objects not in direct contact with the body.

Back 99

Radiation

Front 100

An infant's tendency to turn the head and open the lips to suck when one side of the mouth or cheek is touched.

Back 100

Rooting reflex

Front 101

Inadequate weight or growth for gestational age; birth weight below the 10th percentile.

Back 101

Small for gestational age (SGA)

Front 102

The breaking of the "water" or membranes marked by the expulsion of amniotic fluid from the vagina.

Back 102

Spontaneous rupture of membranes

Front 103

Relationship of the presenting fetal part to an imaginary line drawn between the pelvic ischial spines.

Back 103

Station

Front 104

Stretch marks; shiny reddish lines that appear on the abdomen, breasts, thighs, and buttocks of pregnant women as a result of stretching the skin.

Back 104

Striae

Front 105

A surface-active mixture of lipoproteins secreted in the alveoli and air passages that reduces surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elasticity of pulmonary tissue.

Back 105

Surfactant

Front 106

Small clusters of pink-red spots appearing on the nape of the neck and around the eyes of infants; localized areas of capillary dilatation.

Back 106

Telangiectatic nevi (or stork bites)

Front 107

A low platelet count.

Back 107

Thrombocytopenia

Front 108

Use of medications to arrest preterm labor.

Back 108

Tocolysis

Front 109

The structure connecting the placenta to the umbilicus of the fetus and through which nutrients from the woman are exchanged for wastes from the fetus.

Back 109

Umbilical cord

Front 110

Practice of permitting a trial of labor and possible vaginal birth for women following a previous cesarean birth for nonrecurring causes such as fetal distress or placenta previa.

Back 110

Vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC)

Front 111

Periodic change in fetal heart rate caused by umbilical cord compression; decelerations vary in onset, occurrence, and waveform.

Back 111

Variable decelerations

Front 112

A protective, cheeselike, whitish substance made up of sebum and desquamated epithelial cells that is present on the fetal skin.

Back 112

Vernix caseosa

Front 113

Yellow-white gelatinous material surrounding the vessels of the umbilical cord.

Back 113

Wharton's jelly

Front 114

# Controls development of female secondary sex characteristics.
# Assists in the maturation of the ovarian follicles.
# Causes endometrial mucosa to proliferate following menstruation.
# Causes uterus to increase in size and weight.
# Increases myometrial contractility in both the uterus and fallopian tubes.
# Increases uterine sensitivity to oxytocin.
# Inhibits FSH production.
# Stimulates LH production

Back 114

Estrogen

Front 115

* Decreases uterine motility and contractility.
* Causes uterine endometrium to increase its supply of glycogen, arterial blood, secretory glands, amino acids, and water.
* Vaginal epithelium proliferates.
* Cervix secretes thick, viscous mucus.
* Increases breast glandular tissue, both in size and in complexity.
* Prepares breasts for lactation.

Back 115

Progesterone

Front 116

* Develops from amnion. Contains two arteries and one vein and is surrounded by Wharton’s jelly, which protects the vessels.
Function is to provide a circulatory pathway to the embryo.

Back 116

Umbilical cord

Front 117

Subjective (presumptive) signs of pregnancy

Back 117

* Amenorrhea
* Nausea and vomiting
* Fatigue
* Urinary frequency
* Breast changes
* Quickening

Front 118

Objective (probable) signs of pregnancy

Back 118

* Goodell’s and Chadwick’s sign
* Hegar’s and McDonald’s sign
* Enlargement of the abdomen
* Braxton Hicks contractions
* Uterine souffle
* Skin pigmentation changes
* Pregnancy tests

Front 119

Delineate recommended levels of weight gain during pregnancy.

Back 119

* Underweight: 28–40 lb (12.5 to 18 kg)
* Normal weight: 25–35 lb (11.5 to 16 kg)
* Overweight: 15–25 lb (7 to 11.5 kg)
* Obese: #15 lb (#7 kg)

Front 120

Medical therapy for incompetent cervix:

Back 120

Placement of a cerclage to hold the cervix closed.

Front 121

Compare Rh incompatibility to ABO incompatibility with regard to occurrence, treatment, and implications for the fetus or newborn.

Back 121

1. ABO incompatibility occurs when the mother has type O blood and the infant has A, B, or AB.
2. Unlike Rh incompatibility, no treatment exists to prevent the occurrence.
3. It creates hyperbilirubinemia in the infant, which is treated with phototherapy.

Front 122

Discuss premonitory signs of labor.

Back 122

1. Lightening:
* Fetus descends into the pelvic inlet.
2. Braxton Hicks contractions:
* Irregular, intermittent contractions that occur during pregnancy.
* Cause more discomfort closer to onset of labor.
3. Cervical changes:
* Cervix begins to soften and weaken (ripening).
4. Bloody show:
* Loss of the cervical mucous plug.
* Causes blood-tinged discharge.
5. Rupture of membranes:
* If membranes rupture prior to the onset of labor, there is a good chance labor will begin within 24 hours.
6. Sudden burst of energy:
* Known as nesting.
* Usually occurs 24–48 hours before the start of labor.
7. Other signs:
* Loss of 1–3 pounds.
* Diarrhea, indigestion, nausea, and vomiting may occur prior to the onset of labor.

Front 123

True labor is characterized by

Back 123

1. Contractions that occur at regular intervals and increase in duration and intensity.
2. Discomfort that begins in the back and radiates to the front of the abdomen.
3. Walking intensifies contractions.
4. Resting or relaxing in warm water does not decrease the intensity of contractions.
5. Contractions that produce cervical dilatation.

Front 124

False labor is characterized by

Back 124

1. Irregular contractions that do not increase in duration or intensity.
2. Contractions that are not affected or lessened by walking, rest, or warm water.
3. Discomfort that is felt primarily in the abdomen.
4. Contractions that produce no effect on cervix.

Front 125

1. Condition in which the placenta prematurely separates from the uterine wall.
2. May result in severe hemorrhage.
3. May cause death to mother, fetus, or both.
4. May lead to clotting disorders in the mother.
5. Nursing care involves frequent assessment of uterine tone and measurement of abdominal girth.

Back 125

Abruptio placentae

Front 126

Condition in which the placenta implants in the lower segment of the uterus. It may partially or completely cover the cervical os.

Back 126

Placenta previa

Front 127

Normal ranges for newborn vital signs include

Back 127

* heart rate, 120 to 160 beats per minute
* respirations, 30 to 60 respirations per minute
* axillary temperature, 36.1 to 37.2°C (97.5 to 99°F); skin temperature, 36 to 36.5°C (96.8 to 97.7°F); rectal temperature, 36.6 to 37.2°C (97.8 to 99°F);
* blood pressure at birth, 80–60/45–40 mm Hg.