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90 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
what are some functions of body fluid?
transport medium of nutrients, O2, to cells and waste away from cells; lubricates joints and eyes, temperature regulation, protective cushion (CSF), solvent, and a reactant
body fat + age =
total body water (TBW), more fat equals less TBW
what are the 2 major fluid compartments?
intracellular, extracellular
fluid with in cells cytosol
is intracellular
fluid found outside the cells
is extracellular
what are some kinds of extracellular fluid?
interstitial, plasma, CSF, lymph, synovial
what percent of body weight is ICF?
40%
what percent of body weight is ECF?
20% with 15% being interstitial, and 5% being intervascular
what is the volume of ICF?
28 L
what is the volume of ECF?
14 L with 11 as interstitial, and 3 as intervascular
how much body weight is fluid?
2/3
sodium, potassium, calcium, and sodium, and magnesium are what kind of ions?
cations that are positively charged
bicarb, Cl, phosphate, Sulfate, proteinate, and organic acid are what kind of ions?
anions that are negatively charged
gastric secretions contain high concentrations of what?
hydrogen ions (H+)
pancreatic secretions contain high concentrations of what?
bicarbonate (HCO3-)
bile, gastric and pancreatic secretions of what?
sodium (Na+)
what are some functions of electrolytes?
promotion of neuromuscular irritability
maintenance of body fluid osmolality
regulation of acid-base balance
regulation of distribution of body fluids among the body fluid compartments
what is an example of active-transport?
sodium-potassium pump
what are examples of passive transport?
osmosis
diffusion
filtration
what is a solute?
substance that is dissolved in a solution
what is a solvent?
substance (fluid) that dissolves the solute
what is isotonic solution?
same as body fluid
what is hypotonic solution?
less sodium than normal body fluid
what is hypertonic solution?
more sodium than normal body fluid
the number of osmols (the standard unit of measure) per liter of solution is referred to as what?
osmolality
what is the rate of diffusion determined by?
size of the molecule
concentration
temperature
what is diffusion?
diffusion is the movement of solutes from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration until the concentration is equal on both sides
the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration using membrane proteins acting as carrier molecules is referred to as what?
facilitated diffusion
what is filtration?
an area of higher pressure to low pressure (water and dissolved substances)
this type of pressure is produced by pumping action of the heart, pushing extra water out within a closed system
hydrostatic pressure
what is oncotic pressure?
keeping the extra fluid in vascular space
what is active transport?
moves solutes from low concentration to high concentration
is a chemical activity that uses energy for carrier mediated transport mechanism
moves against concentration gradient
where is fluid normally lost from?
skin, GI tract, kidneys, and lungs
how much fluid do we get from food?
1000 mL
how much fluid is gained from oxidation?
300 mL
how much fluid do we gain from water consumption?
1200 mL
how much water is lost through the skin?
500 mL
how much water is lost through the lungs?
350 mL
how much water is lost through the feces?
150 mL
how much water is lost through the kidneys?
1500 mL
what is sensible loss?
losses that can be measured (urine output)
what is insensible loss?
losses that cannot be measured (sweat and respiration)
what is abnormal loss?
loss that occurs during illness or injury (vomiting or diarrhea, burns, wound drainage, hemorrhage, abscess)
example of imbalances that occur when gains are greater than losses
CHF, kidney failure, fluid overload
What hormone causes the kidneys to hold on to fluids triggered by pressure sensors in vascular system and kidneys?
antidiuretic hormone (pituitary gland)
What hormone controls amount of sodium and K+ the body holds?
Aldosterone (adrenal cortex) where sodium goes, so does water
What hormone regulates metabolic rate, cardiac output?
Thyroid hormone (thyroid)
What is hypovolemia?
fluid volume deficit (abnormal losses of body fluids)
What is hypervolemia?
fluid volume excess
What are some causes of hypovolemia?
hemorrhage, GI losses, diuretic use, inadequate fluid intake, third spacing
How do you treat hypovolemia?
correct underlying cause and replace water and electrolytes
What is the fluid requirements for a newborn?
50-300ml/day
What is the fluid requirements for an infant?
350--550ml/day
What is the fluid requirements for a child?
500-1000ml
What is the fluid requirements for an adolescent?
700-1400ml/day
What are some symptoms of dehydration?
rapid pulse and respirations, dry mucus membrane, sunken fontanel, sunken and soft eyes, poor skin turgor, absent tearing and salivation, irritable, lethargic, comatose, and convulsions, body weight losses-5% mild, 6-10% moderate, >10% severe
What are some causes of hypervolemia?
excessive fluid intake, heart or renal failure, Cushings, corticosteroid use, SAIDH
How do you treat hypervolemia?
correct underlying cause. Remove fluid without compromising electrolyte balance or ECF osmolality
How much of body water is intracellular?
3/4
How much of body water is extracellular?
1/4
What is the most abundant electrolyte and cation in the body?
sodium
What is the purpose of electrolytes?
1. Maintaining fluid balance
2. contributing to acid-base regulation
3. Facilitating enzyme reaction
4. Neuromuscular reactions
Same electrolytes in ICF as in ECF, we always measure the extracellular space
info
How does sodium affect neurologic function?
impulse transmission for nerves and fibers
normal is 135-145
120-seizures
below 100 permanent damage
What is the DRI of sodium?
1500
What is the most common type of hyponatremia?
Dilutional
What causes dilutional hyponatremia?
excessive fluid intake
what are symptoms and treatment of dilutional hyponatremia?
s/s: confusion and edema
treatment: decrease fluid intake
what is true hyponatremia?
from fluid and sodium loss
what are symptoms and treatment of true hyponatremia?
s/s: dry tissue
treatment: replace sodium and water
what is the first sign of hyponatremia?
confusion
what are some s/s of hyponatremia?
HA, anxiety, impending doom, postural hypotension
what is the most common cause of hypernatremia?
loss of fluid without loss of sodium, excessive sodium intake, not enough water intake, may occur with full strength protein tube feedings
what are common s/s of hypernatremia? (SALT)
Skin flushed
Agitation
Low grade fever
Thirst
what is the normal level of potassium?
3.5-5.0 mEq/L
what does an increased potassium level cause?
muscle spasms
how does potassium affect the muscles?
increases irritation of heart, diaphragm, GI tract, and skeletal muscle
how much potassium should we ingest daily?
40 mEq
where is potassium absorbed?
in the GI tract
how much potassium is excreted by the kidneys?
80%
what are some symptoms of hypokalemia?
cardiac changes, muscle flaccidity, starts in the legs
what are some causes of hypokalemia?
prolonged v/d, deficient intake, diuretics, laxatives, malnutrition, surgery
What causes hyperkalemia?
cell wall destruction, increased intake, renal failure, burns, surgery, and chemotherapy
What are some symptoms of hyperkalemia?
irritable muscles
How do you treat hyperkalemia?
diuretics, kayexalate, calcium gluconate, insulin, hemodialysis
What does calcium do in the body?
regulates muscle contraction and relaxation, nerve impulse transmission, and it's necessary for coagulation, aids in the absorption and utilization of B12
What effect does calcium have on nerve cells?
sedative effect
what regulates calcium levels in the body?
parathyroid, calcitonin, vitamin D is needed for absorption,
What increases calcium levels in blood?
increased bone resorption
increase GI and renal absorption
What decreases calcium levels in blood?
increasing Ca deposits into bone
decreasing GI absorption
increasing renal excretion