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70 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

MDRO's

Multi-drug resistant organisms

HAI's

Health care-aquired infections

HBV

Hepatitis B Virus

HCV

Hepatitis C Virus

Invasion of a susceptible host

infection

Another name for microorganism that results in disease

pathogen

Presence and growth of microorganisms within a host but without any tissue invasion or damage

Colonization

Viral meningitis and pneumonia is this type of disease that has a low or no risk for transmission

infectious

An infectious disease that can be transmitted directly from one person to another

communicable disease

If pathogens multiply and cause clinical signs and symptoms the infection is ________

symptomatic

If clinical signs and symptoms are not present, the illness is ________

asymptomatic

Chain of infection:




6 steps

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Ability to produce disease

virulence

Has an impaired immune system

immunocompromised

Acidity of the environment

pH

Sites such as blood, mucus membranes, respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, and GI tract




(in chain of infection)

Portal of exit

Unwashed hands of a health care worker is a major route of ________

transmission

Ability to survive in the host or outside the body

virulence

Individual's degree of resistance to pathogens

Susceptibility

A place where in a pathogen survives such as hosts, food, water




(in chain of infection)

reservoir

Person's who show no symptoms of illness but who have the pathogens that are transferred to others

Carriers

Bacteria that require oxygen for survival




and example

Aerobic bacteria




Staphylococcus aureus

Bacteria that require oxygen for survival




and example

Anaerobic bacteria




Bacteroides fragilis (it is part of the normal flora but can cause infection if enters bloodstream or surrounding tissue following surgery)

Prevention of the growth and reproduction of bacteria by cold temperatures

Bacteriostasis

A temperature of chemical that destroys bacteria

bactericidal

The absence of pathogenic (disease-producing) microorganisms

Asepsis

When _______-_______ antibiotics are used for the treatment of infection it can lead to _________, which develops when these antibiotics eliminate a wide range of normal flora organisms, not just those causing infection

broad spectrum




suprainfection

A process that eliminates many or all microorganisms, with the exception of bacterial spores from inanimate objects

disinfection

Infection that occurs when part of the patient's flora becomes altered and an overgrowth results

Endogenous infection




ex. staphylococci, enterococci, yeasts, streptococci

Infection that comes from microorganisms found outside the individual

exogenous infection




ex. salmonella, clostridium tetani

A type of HAI caused be invasive diagnostic or therapeutic procedure

Iatrogenic Infection

fluid and cells that are discharged from cells or blood vessels, and tissue repair

exudate




ex. pus or serum

dead tissue

necrotic

Exudate that is clear, like plasma

serous

Exudate that contains red blood cells

sanguineous

Exudate that contains WBC and bacteria

purulent

Fragile tissue that eventually takes the form of a scar at the completion of the healing process

granulation tissue

If an infection is _______, a patient usually experiences symptoms such as pain, tenderness, warmth and redness at wound site

localized

Two types of aseptic technique are:

medical and surgical

Hand hygiene, barrier techniques, and routine environmental cleaning are examples of?

medical asepsis

Sterile technique that prevents contamination of an open wound, serves to isolate an operative area from an unsterile environment, and maintains a sterile field of surgery

surgical asepsis

a place where microorganisms survive, multiply and await transfer to a susceptible host




(in chain of infection)

reservoir

an area free of microorganisms and prepared to receive sterile items

sterile field

Eliminates or destroys all forms of microbial life including spores

sterilization

Pus-forming infection also called

supporative

Infection that affects entire body

systemic

A vector in a mode of transmission can be:

mosquito


louse


flea


tick

The ideal temperature for most human pathogens:

68 degrees to 109 degrees farenheit




20 degrees celsius to 43 degrees celsius

Modes of transmission




Person to person physical contact between source and susceptibile host

Direct

Modes of transmission




Personal contact of susceptible host with


contaminated inanimate object

indirect

Large particles that travel up to 3 feet during coughing, sneezing, or talking and come in contact with susceptible host

Droplet

Droplet nuclei or residue or evaporated droplets suspended in air during coughing or sneezing or carried on dust particles

Airborne

Contaminated items, water, drugs, solutions, blood, food

Vehicles

External mechanical transfer (flies)




Internal transmission such as mosquito, louse, flea, tick

Vector

Course of infection by stage




Interval between entrance of pathogen into body and appearance of first symptoms





incubation period

Course of infection by stage




Interval from onset of nonspecific signs and symptoms to more specific symptoms




ex. herpes simplex begins with itching and tingling at the site before the lesion appears

Prodromal stage

Course of infection by stage




Interval when patient manifests signs and symptoms specific to type of infection




ex. strep throat is manifested by high fever

Illness stage

Interval when acute symptoms of infection disappear

Convalescence

Normal value for white blood cell count

5000-10000 mm

Transmission based-precautions:




Private room, negative pressure airflow of at least 6-12 exchanges per hour via a high efficiency particulate air filtration, mask or respiratory device, N95 respirator





airborne precautions

which precaution?




measles, chickenpox(varicella), disseminated varicella zoster, pulmonary or laryngeal tuberculosis

Airborne precautions

Transmission based-precautions




Private room or cohort patients; mask or respirator required

Droplet precaution

which precaution?




Diptheria, rubella, strep, pneumonia, scarlet fever, pertussis, mumps, pneumonic plague, meningococcal pneumonia

Droplet precaution

precaution infection/condition examples:




Private room or cohort patients, gloves, gowns, (patients may leave their room for procedures or therapy if infectious material is contained or covered, placed in a clean gown, and if hands are cleaned)

Contact precautions

which precaution?




Colonization or infection with multidrug-resistant organisms such as VRE and MRSA, c-diff, shigella, major wound infections, herpes simplex, scabies, immunocompromised adults

Contact precaution

which precaution?




Private room, positive airflow with 12 or more air exchanges per hour; HEPA filtration for incoming air; mask to be worn by patient when out of room during times of construction area

Protective environment

which precaution?




allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplants

protective environment

Primary reason for wearing gowns:

To prevent soiling clothes during contact with a patient

Steps for putting on PPE when entering isolation room:

Gown


Mask/respirator


Goggles


Gloves

Steps for removing PPE




(Remember ABC's)

Gloves


Goggles


Gown


Mask