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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Medical Asepsis
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Known as “clean technique”
Procedures used to reduce and prevent the spread of microorganisms Examples of medical asepsis – hand hygiene; using clean gloves to prevent contact with blood and body fluids; and routine environmental cleaning. |
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Surgical Asepsis
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Procedures used to eliminate all microorganisms including pathogens and spores from an object or area
An area or object is considered contaminated if touched by any object that is not sterile Commonly performed in the operating room, labor and delivery, and major diagnostic areas, and can be used at client’s bedside |
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TYPES OF INFECTION
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Colonization
Local Systemic Acute Chronic |
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Nosocomial Infections
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Hospital Associated
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BUNDLES
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Describes a set of actions utilized to effectively care for patients who are undergoing treatments that have inherent risks
The idea is to “bundle” together scientific evidence to improve clinical outcomes |
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Chain of Infection
In order for an infection to develop all of these factors must be present: |
Infectious agent - microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa
Reservoir or source - a place where the pathogen can survive but may or may not multiply Portal of exit - after multiplying the pathogen needs a place to exit the body and enter the host & cause disease Mode of Transmission – transmission of organisms from the reservoir to the host Portal of entry – organisms can enter the body by the same routes used for existing Susceptible Host – based the client’s susceptibility to an infectious agent |
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Body’s Normal Defenses Against Infection
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Non Specific Defenses
Intact skin and mucus membranes Body defense systems Normal body flora internal and external Inflammatory response Specific Body Defenses Antibody mediated defense Cell-mediated defense |
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Events in Inflammatory Response
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Vascular and cellular responses
Formation of inflammatory exudates Tissue repair |
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INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
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Vascular and Cellular
Hyperemia Heat Edema Pain Impaired function Second Stage Exudate Production Fluid Fibrinogen Thromboplastin Platelets Third Stage Reparative Stage Regeneration Cicatrix |
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Signs & Symptoms of Infection
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Systemic:
Generalized symptoms Fever Increased Pulse and Respirations if fever Malaise and loss of energy Lymphadenopathy Nausea & vomiting and anorexia |
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Lab Tests to Screen for Infection
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Sed rate or ESR – up to 15mm/hr for men and 20 mm/hr for women.
WBC count- 4,500 -11,000/mL Neutrophils – 55%-70% Lymphocytes – 20-40% Monocytes – 2% - 8% Eosinophils – 1%-4% Basophils – 0 – 2% Blood and Urine cultures – normally sterile no microorganisms. Wound, sputum, and throat cultures – No WBC. |
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Stages of Infection
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Incubation
Prodromal Illness Convalescence |
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What Factors Increase Susceptibility to Infection?
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Age
Heredity Stressors Nutritional Status Medical Therapies Medications Diseases |
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Disinfection
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Disinfection – process that eliminates many or all microorganisms; except for bacterial spores from inanimate objects
Use of a chemical disinfectant Examples of disinfectants – alcohols, chlorines, and phenols Chemicals can be caustic and toxic to tissues |
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Sterilization
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Sterilization – the complete elimination or destruction of all microorganisms, including spores
Examples of sterilizing agents – steam under pressure; ethylene oxide gas (ETO); hydrogen peroxide plasma; and chemicals |