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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the purpose of inflammation?
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to get the bad crap out
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What is the purpose of cytokines?
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signals to the bone marrow to make more neutrophils and macrophages
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What are the characteristics of inflammation?
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pain, redness, swelling, warmth, and decreased motion
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What are the phagocytic lymphocytes?
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neutrophils and macrophages
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What type of lymphocytes does the spleen make?
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macrophages
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What is exudate?
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fluid and leukocytes that move from the circulation to the site of injury
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What is the life span of an RBC?
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90-120 days
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What do monocytes do?
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attack chronic infection
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What do basophils do?
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show up with big problems with allergies (Histamine)
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What is the purpose of eosinophils?
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contain antihistamine
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What is the purpose of lymphoctyes?
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no phagocytic function but they give rise to teh cells of the immune system
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what is a seg neutrophil?
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mature neutrophil, only ones that can perform phagocytosis
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What are band neutrophils?
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immature neutrophils
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Primary intention
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wound edges are close together, little tissue loss, typically not any purlent discharge
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What do you treat a primary intention wound with?
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a dry dressing
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What is healing by secondary intention
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have granulation, healing is slower, usually infection
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What type of dressing do you use on a secondary intention wound?
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pack the wound, wet to dry
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What is a red wound
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nice, healthy, wound, healing, granulation, healing takes care of itself
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What type of dressing do you want for a red wound?
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a dressing you can see through
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What is a yellow wound?
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necrotic tissue, some type of exudate
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What type of dressing do you use on a yellow wound?
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hydrogel and alginate dressings, wet to dry ones
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What is a black wound?
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eschar, necrotic tissue, in order for this wound to heal you have to debreede it
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What is healing by tertiary intention?
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leave the wound open to heal, clean and debreed the wound and leave open from 3-5 days until they close it
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Keloid scar
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overgrowth of skin, typically patietn wit color form these scars
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What are wound contractures?
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When the wound heals the skin shortens like on burns
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Dehiscence
When does it occur? |
the wound separates, typically occurs during the granulation phase, 5th day post op up till 3 weeks
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evisceration
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the wound separates and organs pop out
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What do you do if a patient has an evisceration?
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put saline soaked gauze other the area, don't leave the patient alone, send one RN to call the MD
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Adhesion
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typically in old surgical sites, tissue attaches where it shouldn't attach
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What factors in a patient lifestyle inhibits wound healing>
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diet low in protein and vitamin C
inadequate blood supply (diabetics) smoking (VC resulting in less O2) certain drugs (corticosteroids) |
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How do we treat inflammation?
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Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
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What are the risk factors for decubs?
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immobility, incontinence, shearing, obese, fever resulting in diaphorese, COPD pt have thin skin because of the corticosteroids, friction
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Which pressure ulcers are full thickness?
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Stages III and IV
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Hydrogel dressing
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hydrate and absorbs small amounts of exudate
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Hydrocolloid
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adhesive and occlusive, moist healing, absorbent, autolytic debridement of necrotic wounds, impermeable to bacteria, changed every 3-5 days
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What is a stem cell?
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undifferentiated cell
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cell mediated immunity
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T cells
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humoral immunity
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B cells
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Active natural immunity
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person is exposed to the bacteria or virus
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active artificial acquired immunity
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getting the chicken pox vaccine, immunization
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passive acquired immunity
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very short lived (3 months) mom gives the baby
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artificial acquired immunity
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you are given Igs
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What are the T cells involved in HIV
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CD4 and CD8
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What is interferon used for?
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treat cancer and hepatitis
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Colony stimulating factors?
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erithropoeitin
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What is another term for humoral immunity?
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antibody mediated immunity
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What is IgE used for?
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allergic reactions
eosinophils are elevated |
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IgG is used for what?
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secondary immune response
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What is IgM used for?
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takes all the bad guys and clears them out, given when we give the wrong type of blood
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What is cell-mediated immunity used primarily for?
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patient that develop cancer
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Why does cancer grow in one pt and not in the other?
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one person has a better immune system, people who have low levels of natural killer cells they will get cancer
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What is the number one risk for developing cancer?
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age
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What are the 3 important types of lymphocytes?
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helper CD4, cytotoxic CD8, and natural killer cells
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What are helper CD4 lymphocytes good for?
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specific cell that recognizes self and non self, involved in HIV and aids
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Do cytotoxic CD8 lymphocytes need to be sensitized to an antigen?
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yes sensitized by exposure
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Do natural killer cell lymphocytes need to be sensitized to an antigen?
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no, do not require prior sensitization
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What is a hypersensitivity reaction?
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the immune response is overreactive against foreign antigens or fails to maintain self-tolerance and results in tissue damage
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What is the most common hypersensitivity reaction?
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rash
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Which immunoglobin is responsible for allergic reactions?
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IgE
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What is the worst type of allergic reaction?
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anaphylactic reaction
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What is the first sign of anaphylaxis?
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respiratory distress
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If a patient is over 200 lbs and having an anaphylactic reaction, how much epinephrine do you give them?
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0.5 ml
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If a patient is under 200 lbs and having an anaphylactic reaction, how much epinephrine do you give them?
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0.3 ml
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Other than epinephrine what else do you give a patient that is having an allergic reaction?
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corticosteroids
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What is the function of an allergy shot?
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desensitization
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When you are giving a patient an allergy shot, what do you need in the area?
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crash cart and an MD in the area
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When you give a patient an allergy shot, when will a patient have a reaction?
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20-30 minutes after the injection
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What are the S&S of anaphylaxis?
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B/P drops, HR goes up, pupils dilate, respiratory distress, angioedema of face
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What is a type I hypersensitivity reaction?
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IgE mediated
caused by exogenous pollen, food, drugs, dust |
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What is a type II hypersensitivity reaction?
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Cytotoxic reaction
cell surface of RBCs basement membranes |
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What is a type III hypersensitivity reaction?
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Immune-complex reactions
extracellular fungal, viral, bacterial |
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What is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction?
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Delayed hypersensitivity reaction
intracellular or extracellular |
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What is plasmapheresis?
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the removal of plasma containing components causing or thought to cause disease
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What do you need to watch out for with a patient having plasmapheresis?
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hypocalemia
S&S: numbness and tingling usually first around the lips |
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Graft-versus-host disease
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immunoincompetent patient is transfused or transplanted with immunocompetent cells
the transplanted part attacks to person it was transplanted into |
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How long does it take for graft-versus-host disease to have it's onset?
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7-30 days
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