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7 Cards in this Set

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What is Therapeutic index, range and window. Explain the effective dose and the lethal dose theory and ratio.
TI or therapeutic index estimates the margin of safety of a drug through the use of a ratio that measures the effective dose (therapeutic concentration) in 50% of persons or animals, and the lethal dose in 50% of animals (obviously they didn't test humans, or they didn't tell anybody about it :). The closer the ratio is to 1, the greater the toxicity. Drugs w/a low therapeutic index have a narrow margin of safety, and drugs with a high therapeutic index have a wide margin of safety.
What do peak levels indicate and what do trough drug levels indicate?
Peak level is the highest plasma concentration of drug at a specific time. They indicate the rate of absorption. The peak time could be 1-3 hours after administration orally, but an IV drug it could be 10 minutes. Trough drug level is the lowest plasma concentraion of a drugh and it measures the rate at which the drug is eliminated. Trough levles are drawn immeditely before the next dose of drug is given, regardless of route of administration. Peak levels indicate the rate of absorption of the drug, and trough levels indicate the rate of elimination of the drug. Peak and trough levels will often be requested for drugs that have a narrow therapeutic window.
What is a loading dose?
When an immediate response of a drug is desired, a large initial loading dose is given to achieve effective concentration in the plasma. After a large initial dose, a prescribed dosage per day is ordered.
What is tachyphylaxis?
Acute tolerance to a drug
What are nonspecific and nonselective drugs.
Nonspecific drugs will be able to go many organs in the body to have an effect, they are not specific about where they go because the receptor they need is found at all these places; Non selective drugs are drugs that can fit in the keyholes of various kinds of receptors-like epinephrine, and produce a variety of responses.
Explain creatinine clearance, creatine, creatinine, and BUN.
Creatine is broken down into a waste product called creatinine. Creatinine is generally higher in men than women because they can have more muscle mass. Regardless, the waste should be excreted through the kidneys. A way to test if creatinine is being cleared is to do a blood serum creatinine lab test and a creatinine urine clearance test. If the the results show that creatinine is high in the blood (normal is 0.5-1.5 mg/dl (higher in men) but low in the urine then it could point towards a kidney problem. Normal urine readings for creatinine clearance are: 85-135 ml. A way to double check this is to make sure that the person isn't dehydrated. A person can also have their blood urea nitrogen (BUN) tested. If it is high-then it indicates dehydration. Normal BUN/creatinine ratio is 10:1
What is (t-1/2) life?
t-1/2 life is the time that it take for 1/2 of the drug concentration to be eliminated.