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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
In Terms of Time, Distinguish Between Chronic and Acute Pain? (P.333)
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- 6 Months
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What are Exotoxins? (P.197)
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- Exogenous Proteins (They don’t come from Host, Rather a Bacterium)
- Proteins from Normal Bacterial Growth |
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What are Endotoxins? (P.197)
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- Contained Within Gram Negative Cells
- Released During Lysis - Pyrogenic Bacteria since they cause Fever |
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What is a Capsule in a Bacteria? (P.197)
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- Protects Bacteria from Ingestion and Destruction
- Made of Thick Polysaccharide |
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What is a Symbiotic Relationship? (P.193)
Bonus: Name Two Examples Mentioned in Class? (P.194) |
- Benefits Only the Human (According to Book, Not Me)
- E. Coli in GI Tract; Normal Flora of Vagina |
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Describe the Manifestations of Acute Inflammation? (P.170)
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- Serous - Watery
- Fibrinous – Thick and Clotted - Purulent - Pus - Hemorrhagic - Bleeding |
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What is Cerebral Edema? (P.373)
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- Increase in Fluid Content of Brain Tissue
- Caused by Trauma, Infection, Hemorrhage, Tumor, Ischemia Infarct, Hypoxia |
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What are the Symptoms of Hyperkalemia? (P.117-118)
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- Acidosis
- Neruomuscular Irritability - Intestinal Cramping - Diaherria |
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What are some of the causes of Hyperkalemia? (P.117)
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- Increased Intake
- Shift from Cells to ECF - Decreased Renal Function (< 30 ml/hr) or Failure |
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Process that Activates Fever Response?
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Thermoregulatory Mechanism
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What are some of the functions of B-Endorphins? (P.228)
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- Response to Stress Stimuli (Distress or Eustress)
- Inflamed Tissue Activate Endorphin Receptors - Inhibit Blood Pressure Increase |
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What are Catecholamines? (P.227)
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- Made in the Brain
- Consist of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors - Activate and Bind to Epi and Norepi - Basically Increase Blood Flow to Muscle and Slows GI (P.228) |
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What are the Risk Factors for Dehydration? (P.113??)
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- Decrease Lean Body Mass
- Increase Adipose Tissue |
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Describe the Thermoregulatory Change with Increse in Epinephrine? (P.336)
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- Causes Vasoconstriction
- Stimulates Glycolysis - Increased Heat Production |
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What Causes Respiratory Acidosis? (P.123-124)
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- Pneumonia
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Type of Cellular Adaptation that Results in Decreased Cellular Size? (P.66)
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- Atrophy
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Describe the Type of Adaptation when a Cell goes from Columnar Cilated to Stratified Squamous? (P.66)
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- Metaplasia (Can Be Reversed)
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What Organ Disease Effects Oncotic Pressure? (P.108)
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- Liver Disease
- Protein Malnutrition |
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What Chemicals are Released in Acute Inflammation? (P.157)
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- Leukotrienes
- Prostaglandins |
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Underlying Reason for Hypoxic Injury? (P.71)
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Ischemia (Reduced Blood Supply)
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What is Metabolic Alkalosis and Name One Cause? (P.122-123)
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- Loss of Acid
- Vomiting - Nasogastric Suctioning |
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What Inflammatory Cytokines are Responsible for Fever? (P.144)
(Part of the Immune Response) |
- Interleukens (IL)
- Interferon - Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) |
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What is the Body’s Ability to Prevent Reaching Exhaustion Stage? (P.222)
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- General Adaptation Syndrome
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What is the Wound Healing Vitamin? (P.???)
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- Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
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What is Apoptosis? (P.92)
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- Active Process of Cellular Self-Destruction
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What Electrolyte is Responsible for Water Balance? (P.109)
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- Sodium
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Describe the Uniqueness of Thermoregulation in Infants? (P.337)
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- Large Skin Area/ Less Weight
- Less Subcutaneous Fat - Most Difficult Time Conserving Heat |
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Hydrol & Enzymes (Did not take Proper Notes)
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Hydrol & Enzymes (Did not take Proper Notes)
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How do Bacteria become Resistant to Anti-Microbial Drugs?
Bonus: How can this be prevented? |
- Mutate
- Killing All Bacteria |
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What are the Conditions for Effective Evaporation? (P.336)
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- Ability to Bring Moisture to Surface of Skin
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Put in Order the Four Forms of Accidental Hyperthermia? (P.338)
Heat Exhaustion, Heat Stroke, Malignant Hyperthermia, Heat Cramps |
- Heat Cramps, Heat Exhaustion, Heat Stroke, Malignant Hyperthermia
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What Fluid Imbalance Causes Hyperthermia? (P.338??)
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- Dehydration
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What are the Complications of Fever for Children Under Five? (P.338)
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- Febrile Seizures
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Why is Protein NOT found in Urine? (P.813???)
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- Negative Charge of Glomerular Filtration Membrane Repels Protein
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What Influences the Glomerular Filtration Rate? (P.813)
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- Perfusion Pressure on Glomerular Capillaries
- Renal Blood Flow |
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Describe the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System? (P.111)
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- Renin – Released when circulating blood volume is lower
- Angiotensin – Stimulates Secretion of Aldosterone - Aldosterone – Promotes Sodium, Water Reabsorption - Increasing Blood Volume - Vasoconstriction promotoes higher blood pressure |
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Where should E.Coli be found, and where should it NOT?
What does it cause in the wrong place? (P.834) |
- Gastrointestinal Tract
- Urinary Tract - Urinary Tract Infection |
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What are the Principal Manifestations of Renal Calculus Obtrusion? (P.835)
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- Flank Pain
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What is Pyelonephritis and Name Some Symptoms? (P.835)
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- Infection of Renal Pelvis & Interstitium
- Caused by Urinary Infection & Reflux of Urine from Bladder - Dysuria - Flank Pain - Frequency - Hypertension - Acute Could be Caused by E.Coli |
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What is Glomerulonephritis? (P.836)
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- Inflammation of the Glomerulus
- Caused by: Ischemia, Free Radicals, Drugs, Toxins - Acute could be caused by Streptococcal Infection |
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How can Kidney Failure be Tested? (P.821)
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- Creatin Clearance (Requires Blood and Urine Sample)
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How can Erythropoietin be Harmful to Kidneys? (P.821)
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- Stimulates Bone Marrow to Produce RBC
- Decreases Oxygen Delivery to Kidneys - Leads to Renal Failure |
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What Dietary Restriction do Patients with Renal Failure Have? (P.821)
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- Decrease Protein Consumption
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What happens when the Kidneys Fail to Activate Vitamin D?
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- Hypocalcemia
- Bone Fracture |
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What happens in End Stage Renal Failure? (P.840)
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- 10% of Renal Function Remains
- Includes Elevated Blood, Urea, and Creatine Levels - Causes Fatigue, Anorexia, Nausea, Vomiting, Pruritis |
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What type of Cellular Adaptation is Associated with Cancer? (P.68)
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- Dysplasia (NOT a Form of “Adaptation”)
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