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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Involves progressive narrowing and degeneration of the arteries of the neck, abdomen, and extremities?
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Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
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What is the leading cause of PAD
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Atherosclerosis
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What are the four most significant risk factors for PAD?
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Smoking
Hyperlipidemia HTN DM |
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Outpouchings or dilations of the arterial wall are called?
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Aneurysms
(Common problem involving the aorta) |
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Where are most aneurysms found?
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Abdominal aorta
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What would you found upon examining a person with an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)?
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Pulsatile mass in the periumbilical area
Bruit |
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What is Grey turners sign?
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Back or flank ecchymosis from pooling of blood as a result of a ruptured aneurysm.
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How big does an aneurysm typically have to be to be considered for surgical repair?
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5.5cm
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What are indications of aneurysm rupture?
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Diaphoresis
Paleness Weakness Tachycardia Hypotension Truncal pain Changes in LOC Pulsatile abdominal mass |
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Occurring most commonly in the thoracic aorta, this is the result of teat in the in innermost lining of the arterial wall?
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Aortic dissection
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Precipitating factors of aortic dissection?
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Blunt trauma
Old with chronic HTN Marfan syndrome Pregnant |
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Clinical manifestation of acute aortic dissection
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Sudden severe pain, described as riping or tearing in the chest and radiating down the spine into the abdomen or legs.
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What is the initial goal of therapy for aortic dissection?
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Lower BP
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Success of treatment for aortic dissection is judged by?
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Relief of pain
(Conservative treatment for patients without symptoms and complications) |
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What is the classical symptom of PAD of the lower extremity?
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Intermittent claudication - ischemic muscle pain that is precipitated by exercise, goes away with rest, and is reproducible.
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What happens to the skin in patients with PAD
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Skin becomes, shiny, thin, and taunt
Loss of hair on lower legs |
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What is rest pain, in a patient with PAD?
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Pain that often appears in the feet and toes, and is exacerbated by elevation
(may dangle feet of the bed at night) |
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How do you treat PAD
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Modifiable: smoking, HTN, DM, exercise, ideal body weight
Meds: Antiplatlet, ACE inhibitors |
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What is critical limb ischemia?
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Chronic condition characterized by ischemic rest pain, arterial leg ulcers, and/or gangrene of the leg due to advanced PAD
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A sudden interruption in the arterial blood supply to tissue, an organ, or an extremity that, if left untreated can result in tissue death?
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Acute arterial ischemia
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Causes of acute arterial ischemia?
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Embolism
Thrombosis of a preexisting artherosclerotic artery Trauma |
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What are clinical manifestations of acute arterial ischemia?
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Six P's
Pain Pallor Pulselessness Parasthesia Paralysis Pokiliothermia- same temp as environment |
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Treatment for acute arterial ischemia?
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Anticoagulation ***IV heparin***
Thrombolysis Embolectomy Surgical revascularization |
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What is Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease)?
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Vasoocclusive disorder of the arteries, veins, and nerves of the upper and lower extremities
Occurs primarily in younger men |
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Buergers disease is associated with?
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Tobacco use
(cannot use nicotine replacement either) |
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Episodic vasospastic disorder in small cutaneous arteries, most frequently involving the fingers and toes?
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Raynaud's phenomenon
Occurs primarily in young women |
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Raynaud's phenomenon is characterized by?
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Vasospasm induced color changes of the fingers, toes, ears, and nose
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Treatment of Raynaud's?
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Loose, warm clothing
No smoking, caffeine, or stimulants Reduce anxiety Calcium channel blockers if necessary |
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Three important factors in the etiology of venous thrombosis are?
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Venous stasis
Damage of the inner lining of the vein Hypercoagulability of the blood |
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Clinical manifestations of superficial thrombophlebitis?
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Palpable, firm, cordlike vein
Area surrounding vein may be tender, red, and warm |
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Treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis?
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Elevation
Warm, moist heat NSAIDS and/or aspirin |
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Clinical manifestations of DVT
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Unilateral leg edema
Extremity pain Warm skin Calf may be tender |
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Dilated, tortuous subcutaneous veins?
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Varicose veins
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Risk factors for vericose veins?
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Congenital weakness of the veins
Female Use of hormones Old Obeses Pregnancy Prolonged standing Thrombosis |
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What is the most common symptom of varicose veins?
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Ache or pain after prolonged standing, which is relieved by walking or elevating the limb
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After vein litigation surgery for the treatment of varicose veins the nurse should promote?
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Deep breathing- promotes venous return to the right side of the heart
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Condition in which the valves in the veins are damaged which results in retrograde venous blood flow, pooling of blood in the legs, and swelling.
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Chronic venous insufficiency
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Chronic venous insufficiency can lead to?
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Venous leg ulcers
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In individuals with CVI the skin of the lower leg is?
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Leathery with a brownish appearance
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What is essential to the management of CVI?
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Compression
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