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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Generalized Seizures
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begin in one area of the brain and rapidly spread throughout bpth hemispheres of the brain.
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partial seizures or focal seizures
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begin and remain in one are of the brain.
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classifications of generalized seizures (5)
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Tonic-clonic (grand mal seizures)
absence (petit mal seizures) myoclonic seizures febrile seizures status epilepticus |
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Tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal)
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aura, has tonic, clonic, and postictal stage
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absence seizures (petit mal)
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common in children, subtle symptoms.
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myoclonic seizures
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large jerking movements, stumbling, and falling
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febrile seizures
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1-2 minutes, tonic clonic activity
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status epilipticus
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EMERGENCY
continuous repeating seizures that do not stop. compromise airway, acidosis, low BS, low temp, lactic acid buildup. IV valium and ativan. |
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classification of partial seizures
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simple partial seizure
complex partial seizure |
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simple partial seizure
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occur in a single area of the brain and may involve a single muscle movement or sensory alteration. (ex 1 arm)
hallucinations, extreme emotions, twitching |
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complex partial seizure
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involve complex sensory changes
altered LOC, aura common, no memory of seizure. motor changes may include involuntary urination, chewing motions, diarrhea... |
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Convulsion
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Involuntary violent spasm of large muscles of the face, neck, arms, and legs.
NOT synonymous with seizures. |
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seizure
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abnormal or uncontrolled neuronal discharges in the brain.
location determines the type of seizure symptom of an underlying disorder seizures occur chronologically and are part of a diseas called epilepsy |
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Hydantoins (drug/s)
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Phenytoin (Dilantin)
most common treats tonic-clonic seizures and status epilepticus; prevents and treats seizures after neurosurgery. treat all types of seizures except absence. |
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normal dilantin level
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110-120mcg/mL
if low can have seizures still if high can become toxic |
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Hydantoins (action, indication, contraindication, adv rxn, drug-drug rxn)
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ACTION: Stabilize nerve membranes and limit the spread of excitability by desensitizing Na channels which determine action potential.
INDICATION: treatment of tonic clonic seizures CONTRAINDICATIONS: hepatic or renal impairment at incr risk of toxicity. ADV RXN: report dermatitis to MD stat (sign of toxicity, stop drug immediately). nystagmus, ataxia, dysarthria, slurred speech, dizziness, fatigue, headache, gigival hyperplasia. DRUG-DRUG RXN: alcohol, wide variety. |
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Barbiturates and Barbiturate like drugs
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Phenobarbitol (Solfoton, Luminal)
- drug fo choice for status epilepticus andd acute seizures. management of tonic clonic and cortical focal seizures; treatment of simple partial seizures. Primidone (Mysoline) treatment of tonic-clonic or partial seizure) |
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drug of choice for status epilepticus
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phenobarbitol (solfoton, Luminal)
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Barbiturates and Barbiturate like drugs
(action, indication, contraindication, adv effects, drug-drug rxn) |
ACTION: CNS depressants; inhibit conduction in ascending RAS
INDICATION: long term treatment (PO) of generalized seizures, emergency control of certain acute convulsive episodes. IV give over 1 min-onset 5min. monitor for infiltrate) CONTRAINDICATION: allergy ADV RXN: Somnolence, Insomnia, vertigo, hallucinations, and anxiety. DRUG-DRUG: wide variety. |
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Benzodiazepines
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Diazepam (Valium)
-used in ER for acute seizure activity. -useful in releiving tension, anxiety, and muscle spasm. Clonazepam (Klonopin) -used for the treatment of absence seizures and myoclonic seizures. |
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Benzodiazepines
(action indication, contraindication, adv rxn, drug-drug) |
ACTION:potentiat the effects of GABA, and inhibitory neurotransmitter that atabilizes nerve cell membranes.
SIMILAR TO BARBITURATES BUT SAFER INDICATION: management of anxiety disorders and acute alcohol with drawal; muscle relaxant; adjunct in status epilepticus and sever recurrent seizures. CONTRAINDICATION: allergy ADV RXN: Drowsiness, sedation, depression, lethargy, fatigue, disorientation, and urinary retention, respiratory depression (watch rate and rhythm). DRUG-DRUG: wide variety. |
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Drugs for treating absence seizures
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Valproic acid (Depakene)
reduces abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Acetazolamide (Diamox) a sulfamide drug effective for treatment of absence seizures in children succinimide ethosuximide (zarontin) |
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Drugs for treating partial seizures
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carbamezipine (Tegretol)
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drugs for treating partial seizures
(action, indication, contraindications, adv effects, drug-drug rxn) |
ACTION: stabilize nerve membranes
INDICATION: treatment of partial seizures CONTRAINDICATIONS: allergy, bone marrow suppression, hepatic dysfunction. ADV RXN: drowsiness, fatigue, weakness, confusion, nausea, vomitting, and anorexia. can be taken with food for GI upset DRUG-DRUG: CNS depressants, numerous interactions |
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withdrawal from antiseizure meds
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seizure free atleast 3 years
reduce dose gradually over several months resume meds if seizures return rebound seizures |
