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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 things that influence growth and development
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Physical growth
Develpment Maturation Differentiation |
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Physical growth
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Measurable aspect of an individual's increase in physical measurements
(height,weight,teeth,etc) |
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Development
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Development occcurs gradually and refers to changes in skill and capacity to function
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Development
Cephalocaudal |
Head to toe
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Develpment
Proximodistal |
Trunk to extremities
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Differentiation
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The process by which cells and structures become modified and develp more refined characteristics
(simple to complex |
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Four areas of theory develpment
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Biophysical development
Psychoanalytic/Psychosocial development |
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Biophysical development
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Attempts to describe the way our physical bodies grow and change
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Psychoanalytic
Psychosocial Development |
Attempts to describe the development of the human personality,behaviors and emotions
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Cognitive development
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Focused on the reasoning and thinking processes
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Moral development
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Focuses on the description of moral reasoning
Rules of ethical or moral conduct |
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Biophysical developmental theories
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Gesell's theory of development
(1880-1961) |
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Gesell's theory of development
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Development of behavior norms
Each pattern of childhood growth in unique Pattern is directed by the activity of the genes Enviornmental factors can support, change, and modify the pattern but they do not generate the progressions of the development |
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Psychoanalytic
Psychosocial Theorist |
Sigmund Freud
Erik Erikson Robert Havighurst Roger Gould Chess/Alexander |
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Freud's Psychoanalytic model
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Two internal biological forces drive psychological change in the child
Sexual-libido Aggressive energies Motivation for behavior is to achieve pleasure and avoid pain. |
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Freud's five developmental stages
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1. Oral (0 to 12 to 18 months)
2. Anal (12-18 months to 3 yrs) 3. Phalic/Oedipal (3 to 6 yrs) 4. Latency (6 to 12 yrs) 5. Genital (Puberty to Adult) |
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Freud's Stage 1
Oral Stage Birth to 12 to 18 Months |
Sucking and oral satisfaction
Late in stage~parent seperate from self Inadequate bonding or chronic illness may have impact on development |
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Freud's Stage 2
Anal Stage 12 to 18 months to 3 yrs |
Focus of pleasure changes to anal zone
toilet training process~child learns delayed gratification in order to meet expectation from parents and society |
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Freud's Stage 3
Phallic or Oedipal 3 to 6 yrs |
Genital organs become the focus of pleasure
Oedipal or Electra phase By the end of phase child identifies with the parent of same sex |
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Freud's Stage 4
Latency Stage 6 to 12 years |
Sexual urges are repressed and channeled into productive activities that are socially acceptable.
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Freud's Stage 5
Genital Stage Pubery to Adulthood |
Earlier sexual urges reawaken and directed outside family
Unresolved conflicts resurface from adolescence Once resolved then capable of having a relationship |
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Freud
Components of human personality |
Id
Ego Super Ego |
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Id
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Basic instinctual impulses driven to achieve pleasure
Most primative part of the personality Originates in the infant |
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Ego
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The reality componet mediating conflicts between the enviornment and the forces of the Id
Judge reality Regulate impulses Make good decisions |
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Super Ego
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Performs
Regulating,restraining and prohibiting actions The conscience Influence by outside social forces |
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Freud Theory
Goal |
The goal was the develpment of balance between pleasure seeking drives and societal pressures
experiance pleasure within the boundries of society |
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Eriksons eight stages
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Oral-Sensory
Muscular-Anal Locomotor Latency 12-18 19-40 40-65 Maturity |
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Eriksons
Stage 1 Oral-Sensory |
Birth to 12-18 months
Trust vs Mistrust Feeding The infant must form a first loving trusting relationship with the caregiver, or develop a sense of mistrust |
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Eriksons
Stage 2 Muscular-Anal |
18 to 3 yrs
Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt Toilet Training Child's energies directed toward development of physical skills. Walking,grasping,rectal control. The child may delvelop shame and doubt if not handled well |
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Eriksons
Stage 3 Locomotor |
3 to 6 yrs
Initiative vs Guilt Independence Child becomes more assertive and to take more initieative. May be to forceful and lead to guilt feelings |
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Eriksons
Stage 4 Latency |
6 to 12 yrs
Industry vs Inferiority School The child must deal with demands to learn new skills or risk a sense of inferiority,failure and incompetence |
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Eriksons
Stage 5 12-18 Years |
Identity vs Role confusion
Peer relationships The teenager must a chieve a sinse of identity in occupation,sexroles,politics, and religion |
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Eriksons
Stage 6 19-40 Years |
Intimacy vs Isolation
Love relationships The young adult must develop intimate relationships or suffer feelings of isolation |
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Eriksons
Stage 7 40-65 Years |
Gernerativity vs Stagnation
Parenting Each adult must find some way to satisfy and support the next generation |
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Eriksons
Stage 8 65 to death Maturity |
Ego intergrity vs Despair
Reflection on and acceptance of one's life The culmination is a sense of oneself as one is and of feeling fulfilled |
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Nature of pain
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Can be physical or mental
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American Pain Society 1999
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Nurses responsibility to accept patients' report of pain
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Four processes of nociceptive (normal) pain
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Transduction
Transmission Perception Modulation |
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Causes of pain?
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Thermal
Chemical Mechanical |
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Transduction
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Pain stimuli is converted to electrical stimuli
Transduction begins in the periphery when a pain producing stimulus sends a stimulus across a pain nerve fiber = Transmission |
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Neurotransmitters (Excitatory)
Substance P |
Pain neurons of the dorsal horn
Causes vasodilation and edema |
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Neurotransmitter (Excitatory)
Serotonin |
Released from the dorsal horn to inhibit pain transmission
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Neurotransmitter (Excitatory)
Prostaglandins |
Generated from the breakdown of phospholipids in cell membranes
Believed to increase senitivity to pain |
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Neuromodulators (Inhibitor)
Endorphins and Dynorphins |
Natural morphine like substance
Activated by pain or stress |
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Neuromodulators (inhibitor)
Bradykinin |
Released from plasma that leaks from surrounding blood vessels at the site of tissue injury
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Perception
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The point at which a person is aware of pain
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Modulation
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Inhibition of the pain impulse
Once the brain perceives the pain there is a release of inhibitory neurotransmitters such as: Endogenous opiods Serotonin Norepinephrine Gamma aminobutyric acid |
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Gate control theory
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Theory suggest that pain impulses pass through when a gate is open and that impulses are blocked when a gate is closed
Closing the gate is the basis for pain relief intervention |
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Pain threshold
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Stress,exercise, and other factors cause a release of endorphins, raising an individuals pain threshold
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Physiological responses
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Sympathetic
Parasympathetic |
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Sympathetic
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Pain of low intensity and superificial pain
Flight or fight reaction Physiological response |
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Parasympathetic
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Continuous, severe, deep, typically involving viseral organs
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Types of pain
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Acute pain
Chronic pain Cancer pain Idiopathic pain |
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Acute pain
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Protective,Identifiable cause,short duration and has limited tissue damage and emotional response
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Chronic pain
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Chronic pain is not considered protective and thus serves no purpose.
Last longer than anticipated,may not have identifiable cause, Cancerous or non cancerous |
