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228 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Normal adult urine output is _______ - ________ ml/day.
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1500 - 1600
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Urine output of less than _____ ml/hour may indicate renal alterations.
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30
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Name some conditions that a person with kidney dysfunction is prone to developing:
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proteinuria - b/c of glomerular injury
anemia - kidney cannot produce sufficient amt of erythropoietin renal bone disease - b/c kidneys do not make sufficient amt of active vitamin D |
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How long is the urethra in women?
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1.5 - 2.5 inches
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How long is the urethra in men?
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8 inches
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The bladder can normally hold as much as _____ ml of urine.
The desire to urinate is usually around _________ ml. |
600 ml
150-200 ml |
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Name some prerenal alterations (that decrease circulating blood flow to the kidneys and renal tissue).
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dehydration
hemorrhage CHF |
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Name some renal alterations that cause direct injury to the glomeruli or renal tubules.
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transfusion reactions
diseases of the glomerulus diabetes mellitus |
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Name some postrenal alterations (that obstruct the flow of urine).
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renal calculi
blood clots tumors |
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How do diabetes and multiple sclerosis affect urination?
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they cause loss of bladder tone, reduced sensation of bladder fullness, and difficulty controlling urination.
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How does benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) affect urination?
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It makes older men prone to urinary retention and incontinence.
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How does Alzheimer's disease affect urination?
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It may cause the patient to lose his ability to sense a full bladder or to be unable to recall the procedure for voiding.
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How do Rheumatoid arthritis and Parkinson's disease affect urination?
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They make it difficult to reach and use toilet facilities.
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syndrome that is characterized by increase nitrogenous waste in the blood, fluid/electrolyte imbalances, nausea, vomiting, headache, coma, and convulsions
associated with end-stage renal disease |
uremic syndrome
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What are the two ways to treat end-stage renal disease?
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dialysis
organ transplant |
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type of dialysis in which excess fluid and waste products are removed from the bloodstream via osmosis and diffusion
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peritoneal dialysis
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type of dialysis in which the process of osmosis, diffusion, and filtration occurs within a machine and the blood is returned to the patient via the vascular access device (shunt)
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hemodialysis
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What are some causes of weak abdominal and pelvic floor muscles?
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immobility
childbirth menopause trauma foley catheter usage |
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What are some causes of diuresis (increased urine production)?
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caffeine
alcohol foods high in fluid content (fruits and veggies) fever |
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How do the stress of surgery and the client being NPO before surgery affect urination?
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urine output is reduced in the body's efforts to maintain circulatory fluid volume
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feeling of need to void immediately
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urgency
caused by full bladder, bladder irritation/inflammation from infection, incompetent urethral sphinchter, psychological stress |
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painful or difficult urination
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dysuria
caused by bladder inflammation, trauma or inflammation of urethral sphincter |
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voiding at frequent intervals (<2hr)
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frequency
caused by increased fluid intake, bladder inflammation, increased pressure on bladder |
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difficulty initiating urination
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hesitancy
caused by prostate enlargement, anxiety, urethral edema |
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voiding large amounts of urine
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polyuria
caused by excess fluid intake, diabetes mellitus or insipidus, use of diuretics, postobstructive diuresis |
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diminished urinary output relative to intake (usually 400 ml/24 hr)
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oliguria
caused by dehydration, renal failure, UTI, increased ADH secretion, CHF |
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urination, particularly excessive or frequent, at night
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nocturia
caused by excessive fluid intake before bed, renal disease, aging, prostate enlargement |
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leakage of urine despite voluntary control of urination
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dribbling
caused by stress incontinence, overflow from urinary retention |
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involuntary loss of urine
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incontinence
caused by unstable urethra, loss of pelvic muscle tone, estrogen depletion, fecal impaction, neurological impairment |
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blood in the urine
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hematuria
caused by neoplasms of the kidney or bladder, glomerular disease, infection, trauma, calculi, bleeding disorders |
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accumulation of urine in the bladder, with inability of bladder to empty fully
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retention
caused by urethral obstruction, bladder inflammation, decreased sensory activity, neurogenic bladder, prostate enlargement, postanesthesia effects, side effects of medications |
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volume of urine remaining after voiding (>100 ml)
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residual urine
cause by infection, neurogenic bladder, prostate enlargement, trauma, or inflammation of urethra |
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What are the s/s of UTI?
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dysuria
fever chills nausea vomiting malaise hematuria frequency concentrated cloudy urine WBCs and bacteria in urine |
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What are some causes of UTI?
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poor hygiene
sexual intercourse catheterization |
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involuntary, unpredictable passage of urine in a client with intact urinary and nervous system
caused by a change in environment: sensory, cognitive, or mobility defects |
functional incontinence
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voluntary or involuntary loss of a small amt of urine from an overdistended bladder
caused by drugs, fecal impaction, diabetes, spinal cord injury, prostate enlargement, uterine prolapse |
overflow incontinence
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involuntary loss of urine occurring at somewhat predictable intervals
caused by spinal cord dysfunction |
reflex incontinence
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leakage of small volumes of urine caused by sudden increase in intraabdominal pressure
caused by coughing, laughing, sneezing, or lifting with a full bladder; obesity; full uterus in third trimester; incompetent bladder outlet; weak pelvic musculature |
stress incontinence
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involuntary passage of urine after a strong sense of urgency to void
caused by decreased bladder capacity; irritation of bladder stretch receptors; alcohol caffeine ingestion; increased fluid intake; infection |
urge incontinence
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diverts the flow of urine from the kidneys directly to the abdominal surface
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urinary stoma
*may be temporary or permanent |
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What are some indications for a urinary stoma?
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bladder cancer
trauma radiation injury to bladder fistulas chronic cystitis |
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Most adults void an average of ____ or more times per day.
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5
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Percussion of a full bladder reveals a _____ sound.
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dull
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What might cause the urine to be red?
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bleeding
eating beets, rhubarb, or blackberries |
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What might cause the urine to be orange?
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Pyridium
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What might cause the urine to be dark amber?
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bilirubin in liver dysfunction
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What might cause the urine to be cloudy or foamy?
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renal disease (high protein concentrations)
bacteria |
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What might cause the urine to smell of ammonia?
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incontinence (stagnant urine)
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What might cause the urine to smell sweet or fruity?
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diabetes or starvation
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What is the normal range for specific gravity?
High specific gravity indicates ___________ urine. Low specific gravity indicates ____________ urine. |
1.010 - 1.025
concentrated diluted |
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What is the normal range for pH of the urine?
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4.6-8.0
(average = 6.0) |
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A urine specimen should be examined within ___ hours.
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2
*should be first voided specimen in the morning |
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A urine culture takes _______ hours for results.
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24-48
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measures the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood
increased in kidney disease |
BUN
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waste product found in skeletal muscle
increased in kidney disease |
creatinine
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Ratio of BUN to creatinine should be ___:___.
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1:10
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What electrolytes are increased with renal disease?
What electrolytes are decreased with renal disease? |
potassium
phosphorus magnesium calcium |
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What is the purpose of an intravenous pyelogram (IVP)?
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to view the collecting ducts and renal pelvis and outline the ureters, bladder, and urethra using dye that is excreted through the urine
uses a special IV injection that converts to a dye in the urine |
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A client with normal renal function and no heart/kidney disease should drink ________ - __________ mL of fluid daily.
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2000-2500
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What are some ways to promote complete bladder emptying?
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kegel exercises
schedule toileting treatment of UTIs |
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medications that stimulate the bladder, reducing incontinence caused by bladder irritation
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anticholinergics
ex. Pro-Banthine, Ditropan |
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medications that increase contraction of the bladder and improve emptying, decreasing retention and overflow incontinence
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cholinergics
ex. Urecholine |
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medications that relax the prostatic smooth muscle in men with dribbling or overflow incontinence caused by prostatic enlargement
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alpha-adrenergic blockers
ex. Hytrin |
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type of catheter with a stiff tip for easier insertion in males with an enlarged prostate
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Coude'
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Urinary drainage bags can hold a max of ______ - _______ ml of urine.
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1000-1500
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may be necessary to promote patency and remove blood, pus, or sediment from the catheter
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irrigation
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surgical placement of a catheter through the abdominal wall, which drains into a urinary drainage bag
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suprapubic catheter
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What characteristics of an infant affect bowel elimination?
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small stomach capacity
less secretion of digestive enzymes rapid persistasis lack of control of defecation until age 2-3 |
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What characteristics of older adults affect bowel elimination?
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decreased blood flow causes decreased absorption from the small intestine
decreased peristasis decreased esophageal emptying loss of muscle tone to the perineal floor and anal sphincter causes incontinence and constipation |
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________ intake provides bulk, stretching the bowel walls and promoting peristalsis.
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Fiber
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Gas producing foods stimulate ____________.
Examples? |
peristalsis
ex. onions, cauliflower, beans |
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Unless there is a CI, adults should drink at least ______ - ______ ml of noncaffeinated fluid daily.
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1400-2000
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Fruit juices ________ peristalsis.
Milk products may _________ peristalsis. |
stimulate
slow |
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How do anxiety, fear, and anger affect bowel elimination?
How does depression affect bowel elimination |
they speed peristalsis, resulting in diarrhea and gas distention
it slows peristalsis, resulting in constipation |
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How does pregnancy affect bowel elimination?
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The size of the fetus increases and exerts pressure on the rectum, slowing peristalsis and leading to constipation. Pushing during delivery often results in hemorrhoids.
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when peristalsis stops after surgery/anesthesia, usually for 24-48 hours
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paralytic ileus
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How do narcotics affect bowel elimination?
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they slow peristalsis
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How do anticholinergics (atropine) affect bowel elimination?
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they depress GI motility
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How do antibiotics affect bowel elimination?
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they disrupt normal flora in the GI tract, causing diarrhea
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How do NSAIDs affect bowel elimination?
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they promote GI irritation
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How does aspirin affect bowel elimination?
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it interferes with the production of protective mucus
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How does iron affect bowel elimination?
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it causes discoloration of stool (black) and leads to constipation
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What patients are most at risk for impaction?
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confused
debilitated dehydrated unconscious |
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What are the s/s of impaction?
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inability to pass stool for several days
oozing of diarrhea stool anorexia N/V abdominal distention cramping rectal pain |
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What patients are most susceptible to diarrhea?
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infants
older adults |
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What causes hemorrhoids?
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straining
pregnancy heart failure liver disease |
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The artificial opening in a bowel diversion is called a:
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stoma
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What is the consistency of stool if the ostomy is in the ileum or ascending colon?
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liquid
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What is the consistency of stool if the ostomy is in the transverse colon?
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semisolid
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What is the consistency of stool if the ostomy is the in the sigmoid colon?
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near normal
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Observable peristalsis may be a sign of:
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intestinal obstruction
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What will you hear when auscultating abdominal distention?
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increased pitch
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What will you hear when auscultating a patient's abdomen with paralytic ileus?
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hypoactive bowel sounds
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What will you hear when auscultating a patient's abdomen with obstruction or inflammatory disorders?
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hyperactive bowel sounds
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Percussion over flatulence creates what sound?
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tympany
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an x-ray examination using an opaque contrast medium to examine the structure and motility of the upper GI tract, including pharynx, esphagus, and stomach
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upper GI/barium swallow
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How should the patient prepare for an upper GI/barium swallow?
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Must be NPO after midnight the night before the examination
Must remove all jewelry and other metallic objects |
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an examination of the upper GI tract allowing more direct visualization through a lighted fiber-optic tube that contains a lens, forceps, and brushes for biopsy
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upper endoscopy
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How should the patient prepare for an upper endoscopy?
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Must be NPO after midnight the night before the examination
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an x-ray examination using an opaque contrast medium to examine the lower GI tract
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barium enema
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How should the patient prepare for a barium enema?
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NPO after midnight
bowel prep such as magnesium citrate in some instances, enemas to empty out any remaining stool particles |
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an endoscopic examination of the entire colon
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colonoscopy
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How should a patient prepare for a colonoscopy?
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clear liquids the day before and then some form of bowel cleanser (GoLytely)
enemas until clear may also be ordered |
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What do white or clay-colored stools indicate?
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absence of bile
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What do black or tarry stools indicate?
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iron ingestion or upper GI bleeding
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What do red stools indicate?
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lower GI bleeding or hemorrhoids
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What do pale stools with fat indicate?
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malabsorption of fat
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What do stools with translucent mucus indicate?
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colitis
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What do stools with bloody mucus indicate?
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inflammation or infection
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What are the risk factors for developing colon cancer?
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>50 years old
family hx of colon polyps or cancer hx of inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's and colitis) hx of polyps high protein, low fiber diet obesity and inactivity |
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What are some interventions for patients with constipation?
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fluid intake of at least 1.5 L per day
high fiber diet (25-30 g/day) physical activity |
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type of enema that is used to stimulate defecation; can cause water toxicity and circulatory overload
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tap water
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safest type of enema solution; stimulates peristalsis
best for infants and small children |
normal saline
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type of enema that pulls fluid from interstitial spaces
the colon fills with fluid, and the resultant distention promotes defecation is a low volume type of enema contraindication with dehydration and young infants |
hypertonic
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type of enema that creates the effect of intestinal irritation and stimulates peristalsis
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soapsuds
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type of enema that lubricates the rectum and colon, making stool softer and easier to pass
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oil retention
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How far should you insert the rectal tube for an enema in an adult?
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3-4 inches
(2-3 inches in a child) |
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The stool discharged from an ostomy is called:
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effluent
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How should the stoma look?
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moist, shiny, and pink
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How should you cleanse the area around a stoma?
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with mild soap and water
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What are some common changes to the integument associated with aging?
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loss of skin elasticity (wrinkles, sagging, dryness, easily tears)
facial hair = decreased in men & increased in women |
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What are some common changes to the respiratory system associated with aging?
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decreased vital capacity (increased AP chest diameter)
fewer alveoli increased risk of respiratory infections |
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What are some common changes to the cardiovascular system associated with aging?
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thickening of blood vessel walls
decreased peripheral circulation |
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What are some common changes to the musculoskeletal system associated with aging?
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degenerative joint changes
dehydration of intervertebral disks (decreased height) osteoporosis |
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What are some common changes to the female reproductive system associated with aging?
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decreased estrogen production
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What are some common changes to the male reproductive system associated with aging?
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sperm count diminishes
erections less firm and slow to develop |
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an acute confusional state that is often due to a physiological cause, such as electrolyte imbalances, cerebral anoxia, hypoglycemia, medications, drug effects, tumors, subdural hematomas, or cerebrovascular infection, infarction or hemorrhage
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delirium
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a generalized impairment of intellectual functioning that interferes with social and occupational functioning
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dementia
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condition that reduces happiness and well-being, contributes to physical and social limitations, complicates the treatment of medical conditions, and increases the risk of suicide
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depression
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Is delirium an acute or chronic condition?
What about dementia? Depression? |
delirium - acute/subacute
dementia - chronic depression - chronic |
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When are the symptoms of delirium the worst?
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at night
in darkness on awakening |
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When are the symptoms of depression the worst?
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in the morning
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How long does delirium last?
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hours to less than 1 month, seldom longer
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How long does dementia last?
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months to years
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How long does depression last?
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at least 6 weeks, can be several months to years
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How does decreased tissue elasticity in older adults affect drug therapy?
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poor seal of tissues after injection; oozing or poor absorption may result
*use z-track injection technique to facilitate sealing |
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How does decreased cardiac efficiency in older adults affect drug therapy?
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greater risk for circulatory overload during IV administration of medications
*Monitor IV drip closely. Observe for signs of circulatory overload, such as rise in blood pressure, rapid respirations, coughing, or shortness of breath. |
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How does less gastric acid in older adults affect drug therapy?
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slower absorption of drugs that require low gastric pH may result
*Ensure that gastric acid is not further reduced by other drugs such as antacids. |
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How should you speak to an older adult with hearing loss?
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Sit close to his good ear and speak in a low-pitched voice.
Face the patient when speaking. Limit position changes. |
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How is the endocrine system affected in older adults?
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there is an alteration in hormone production with a decreased ability to respond to stress
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Do cortisols and glucocorticoids increase or decrease in older adults?
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increase --> weight gain, increased blood sugar
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Is thyroid hormone increased or decreased in older adults?
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decreased
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What changes in the pancreas are associated with older adults?
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increased fibrosis
decreased secretion of enzymes and hormones --> affects digestion and blood sugar |
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basic daily activities such as bathing, dressing, eating, and elimination
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Katz's Activities of Daily Living
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basic daily activities needed to live independently in the community such as cooking, cleaning, laundry, shopping, transportation, managing finances, using the telephone, etc.
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Lawton's Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
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What are the signs of elder mistreatment?
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Physical: unexplained injuries, overdose/underdose, dehydration, poor hygiene, pressure ulcers
Psychological: weight changes, difficulty sleeping, infantile behavior, ambivalence, withdrawn or agitated behavior |
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What is the range of indepedence in the Katz index of ADL?
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0-6
score of 0 = patient is very dependent score of 6 = patient is independent |
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type of extracellular fluid that is between the cells and outside the blood vessels
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interstitial
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type of extracellular fluid that makes up the blood plasma
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intravascular
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type of extracellular fluid that consists of cerebrospinal, pleural, peritoneal, and synovial fluids
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transcellular
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What physiologic processes are electrolytes important in?
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nerve impulse
muscle contraction metabolism of nutrients in food |
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movement of a pure solvent through a membrane from lesser to greater solute concetration in order to equalize concentrations on both sides of the membrane
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osmosis
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the drawing power for water; depends on the # of molecules in solution
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osmotic pressure
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the measure used to evaluate serum and urine in the clinical setting
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osmolarity
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a solution higher in osmotic pressure than blood; pulls fluid from cells causing them to shrink
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hypertonic
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a solution with the same osmotic pressure as blood
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isotonic
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a solution lower in osmotic pressure than blood; fluid moves into cells, causing them to swell
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hypotonic
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Fluid intake is regulated primarily through the _______________ within the ___________ in the brain.
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thirst-control center
hypothalamus |
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Who is at risk for dehydration in terms of fluid intake?
|
infants
patients with altered LOC or psych problems - may not drink enough older adults - decreased thirst sensation/decreased kidney function |
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hormone released by the pituitary that causes the kidney to take up water and decrease serum osmolarity
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antidiuretic hormone
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hormone released by the adrenal cortex in response to increased K+ or hypovolemia
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aldosterone
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hormones that respond to decreased blood flow to kidneys; cause vasoconstriction and increase blood flow to kidneys
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renin/angiotensin I & II
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Fluid output occurs through what 4 organs?
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kidneys
skin lungs GI tract |
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continuous type of water loss that is not perceived by the person but can increase significantly with fever or burns
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insensible
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Sensible water loss occurs through ___________ and ____________ output.
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sweating
urine |
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Who is at risk for dehydration from fluid output?
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fever
burns diarrhea/NG tube (b/c of suctioning) oxygen therapy diabetics |
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How is sodium regulated?
|
dietary intake and aldosterone secretion
|
|
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How is potassium regulated?
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dietary intake and renal excretion
*the body conserves potassium poorly, so any condition that increases urine output decreases serum potassium! |
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How is calcium regulated?
|
dietary intake and hormonal control
|
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How is magnesium regulated?
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dietary intake, renal function, PTH
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How is chloride regulated?
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dietary intake and kidneys
|
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How is phosphorus regulated?
|
dietary intake
renal secretion intestinal absorption PTH |
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How is bicarbonate regulated?
|
kidneys
|
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What is the normal arterial level of bicarbonate?
|
22-26
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What is the normal venous level of bicarbonate?
|
24-30
|
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What is the largest chemical buffer in the body?
|
carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system
*it is the first buffering system to react to change in the pH of ECF, and it reacts within seconds |
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__________ buffering occurs after chemical buffering and takes _________ hours.
|
Biological
2-4 |
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In conditions with excess acid (ex. DKA or starvation), __________ ions enter the cell and ______________ ions leave the cell and enter the ECF.
|
hydrogen
potassium |
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The two physiological buffers in the body are the ________ and _________.
|
lungs
kidneys *Lungs increase or decrease RR to blow off CO2 (react quickly) *Kidneys reabsorb or excrete bicarb (take several hrs to days) |
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Name some causes of hyponatremia.
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kidney disease resulting in salt wasting
adrenal insufficiency GI losses sweating diuretics (esp. when combined with low-sodium diet) polydipsia SIADH |
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What will you find when examining someone with hyponatremia?
|
mental status changes
postural hypotension N/V/D abdominal pain sternal edema seizures coma |
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What lab values are associated with hyponatremia?
|
serum sodium <135
urine specific gravity <1.010 |
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What are some causes of hypernatremia?
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ingestion of large amt of dietary sodium
IV solutions excess aldosterone secretion diabetes insipidus increased water losses water deprivation |
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What will you find when examining a patient with hypernatremia?
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thirst
dry, flushed skin sticky mucus membranes fever agitation restlessness seizures |
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What lab values are associated with hypernatremia?
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serum sodium >145
urine specific gravity >1.030 |
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Name some causes of hypokalemia.
|
K+ wasting diuretics
GI losses (diarrhea, vomiting) alkalosis excess aldosterone secretion polyuria extreme sweating K+ free IV solutions treatment of DKA with IV insulin |
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What will you find when examining someone with hypokalemia?
|
weakness
fatigue loss of muscle tone decreased bowel sounds paresthesias dysrhythmias weak, irregular pulse |
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What lab values are associated with hypokalemia?
|
serum K+ <3.5
ventricular EKG dysrhythmias |
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Name some causes of hyperkalemia.
|
renal failure
fluid volume deficit burns trauma IV K+ solution adrenal insufficiency DKA rapid infusion of blood K+ sparing diuretics |
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What will you find when assessing someone with hyperkalemia?
|
weakness
dysrhythmias paresthesias |
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What lab values are associated with hyperkalemia?
|
serum K+ >5.0
EKG abnormalities (bradycardia, heart block) |
|
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Name some causes of hypocalcemia.
|
rapid blood transfusion with citrate
hypoalbuminemia hypoparathyroidism Vitamin D deficiency pancreatitis alkalosis |
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What you will find when assessing someone with hypocalcemia?
|
finger tingling
hyperactive reflexes positive Trousseau and Chvostek signs tetany muscle cramps pathological fractures |
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What labs are associated with hypocalcemia?
|
serum calcium <4.5
EKG abnormalities |
|
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assessment that involves inflating a blood pressure cuff on a patient's arm for 3 minutes
in a healthy adult, the reponse will be a sudden muscle contraction abnormally, there will be a carpal spasm |
Trousseau's sign
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assessment that involves percussing the facial nerve about 2 cm anterior to the earlobe
in a healthy person, there is no response abnormally, there is a unilateral twitching of the facial muscles, eyelid, and lips |
Chovstek's sign
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Name some causes of hypercalcemia.
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hyperparathyroidism
bone cancer Paget's disease osteoporosis bedrest acidosis |
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What will you find when assessing someone with hypercalcemia?
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anorexia
N/V weakness lethargy low back pain (kidney stones) decreased LOC personality changes cardiac arrest |
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What labs are associated with hypercalcemia?
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serum calcium above 5.5
elevated BUN and creatinine X-ray: bone loss, kidney stones EKG abnormalities |
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Name some causes of hypomagesemia.
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malnutrition
alcohol abuse N/V/D diseases of small intestine thiazide diuretics aldosterone excess polyuria |
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What will you find when assessing someone with hypomagnesemia?
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muscle tremors
hyperactive DTRs confusion disorientation dysrhythmias + Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs |
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What lab findings are associated with hypomagnesemia?
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serum Mg <1.5
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Name some causes of hypermagnesemia.
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renal failure
excessive intake |
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What will you find when assessing someone with hypermagnesemia?
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hypoactive DTRs
decreased rate/depth of respirations hypotension flushing |
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What lab findings are associated with hypermagnesemia?
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serum Mg level >2.5
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Name some causes of hypochloremia.
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GI losses
diuretics |
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What lab findings are associated with hypochloremia?
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serum chloride <90
compensatory rise in bicarbonate |
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What lab finding are associated with hyperchloremia?
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serum chloride >110
compensatory decrease in bicarbonate |
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What are some causes of fluid volume deficit?
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GI losses (diarrhea, vomiting)
loss of plasma or whole blood fever decreased intake use of diuretics |
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water and electrolytes lost in equal or isotonics proportions
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fluid volume deficit (FVD)
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water and sodium retained in isotonic proportions
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fluid volume excess (FVE)
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What are some causes of fluid volume excess?
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CHF
renal failure hepatic cirrhosis increased serum aldosterone and steroid levels excess sodium |
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What are some causes of hyperosmolar imbalance (dehydration)?
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diabetes insipidus
interruption of thirst drive DKA osmotic diuresis hypertonic parenteral fluids or tube feedings |
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What are some causes of hypoosmolar imbalance (water excess)?
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SIADH
excess water intake |
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How can age affect fluid/electrolyte balance?
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Infants lose water in greater proportion.
Children have longer and higher fevers than adults. Adolescents have increased metabolic processes. Elderly have a decreased thirst mechanism, decreased GFR, and decreased lung function to compensate for acidosis |
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How can surgery affect fluid/electrolyte balance?
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blood loss
acid-base changes afterward NG suction |
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How can burns affect fluid/electrolyte balance?
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fluid loss is proportional to surface area burned
potassium is released |
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How can head injuries affect fluid/electrolyte balance?
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cerebral edema
changes in ADH secretion Diabetes insipidus SIADH |
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How can cancer affect fluid/electrolyte balance?
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N/V/D from chemo
*some tumors are hormone secreters that alter acid/base balance |
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How can cardiovascular disease affect fluid/electrolyte balance?
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decreased cardiac output results in decreased urine output, sodium and water retention, and pulmonary edema
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How do renal disorders affect fluid/electrolyte balance?
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electrolytes and water are retained
BUN and creatinine elevate bicarb compensatory mechanism is not available; metabolic acidosis results (severity is proportional to degree of renal failure) |
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How do diuretics affect fluid/electrolyte balance?
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metabolic alkalosis
hyperkalemia hypokalemia |
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How do steroids affect fluid/electrolyte balance?
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metabolic alkalosis
fluid retention |
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How do opioids affect fluid/electrolyte balance?
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decreased respiratory rate --> respiratory acidosis
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How do antibiotics affect fluid/electrolyte balance?
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nephrotoxicity
hyperkalemia hypernatremia |
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How does calcium carbonate (Tums) affect fluid/electrolyte balance?
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mild metabolic alkalosis
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How does magnesium hydroxide (milk of Mag) affect fluid/electrolyte balance?
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hypokalemia
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What is the most important indicator of fluid volume status in acute care?
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daily weight
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