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48 Cards in this Set

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Humoral Immunity (B-cells)
Immunity that is mediated by secreted antibodies produced in the cells of the B lymphocyte (B cell). B Cells transform into plasma cells which secrete antibodies. B cells stay in bone marrow until maturity then becoming plasma cells which produce antibodies that then circulate in the blood.
What are the two sub-populations of B-cells...?
-Memory Cells: contain antigen receptors and function similar to memory T-cells. Rapid response to a 2nd exposure to same antigen with appropriate antibodies. Live for a long time.

-Plasma Cells: short lived antibody producing factories. Circulate in the blood and bind specifically to antigen that triggered production. Plasma cells are large B cells that assist in destruction of microbes making them targets for phagocytes and activation of complement system. Plasma cells undergo apoptosis when agent that induced immune response is elminated.
Cell Mediated Immunity
(T-cells, stored in thymus) directly attack antigen. Does not involve antibodies, involves activation of macrophages and NK (natural killer) cells enabling them to destroy pathogens and secrete cytokines that boost the immune response of B-cells and other cell types.
What are the 5 types of T lymphocytes in the immune system..?
-T helper cell (CD4)
-Cytotoxic cell (CD8)
-Memory T cells
-Regulatory T cells
-Natural Killer Cells
T helper cell (CD4)
become activated when presented with peptide antigens by MHC II, then expressed on surface of Antigen Presenting Cells which divide rapidly and produce proteins called cytokines.
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)
destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells. Implicated in transplant rejection. Bind to antigen with MHC class I, thru IL-10 adenosine secreted by regulatory T cells, CD8 cells become inactivated which prevent autoimmune diseases.
Memory T cells
Subset of antigen-specific T cells that presist long-term after an infection has resolved. Providing memory against past infections. Memory T cells can either be CD4 or CD8, they express the cell surface protein CD45RO.
Regulatory T Cells
Naturally occurring Treg cells be distinguished from other T cells by the presence of an Intracellular molecule called FOXP3. Mutations of FOXP3 can prevents T cell regulatory development, causing fatal immune disease IPEX.
NK (natural killer) cells
Bridges adaptive immune system with innate immune system. NK cells are able to recognize and eliminate some tumor cells. Conventional T cells recognize peptide antigen by (MHC) Major Histocompatibility Complex.
Immunoglobins (antibodies) functions
IgG- main type in circulation, binds to pathogens, activated complement, and enhances phagocytosis. Indicates degree of protection.

IgM- activates complement and clumps cells. First kind to be produced on antigen exposure.

IgA- found primarily in body secretions. Saliva, milk, prevents pathogens from attaching to epithelial cells in digestive and respiratory tracts.

IgD- on surface of immature B cells. Its presence signifies readiness of B cell. Functions in signal transduction.
Immunoglobin IgE
IgE- binds to basophil and mast cell membranes and mediates inflammation and allergy. Responsible for immediate allergic response and protection against certain parasitic worms.
(TNF) Tumor Necrosis Factor
produced by macrophages in response to gram-negative bacteria. produces fever. acts directly on hypothalmus.
Macrophage
produced from monocytes (agranular leukocyte) Macrophages are longer living phagocytes. produce TNF. Macrophages and lymphocytes produce majority of interleukin.
Monocytes
become macrophages. Monocytes go with both agranular leukocytes and granular leukocytes. Platlet activating factor produced during inflammation by neutrophils and monocytes. Cytokines are produced by monocytes and lymphocytes.
Active Acquired Immunity
produced by the host following natural exposure or immunization.
-Humoral
-cell mediated
Passive acquired Immunity
artificial immunity. when a person is injected with antibodies made by another organism. (ex. tetanus shot, or rabies) immunity only lasts a short time.
Natural Immunity
not produced by the immune response. occurs when a child gets antibodies from the mother either before it's born or in mother's milk. Natural immunity only lasts a few months.
Functions of B cells
B cell is triggered when it encounters its matching antigen. B cell engulfs antigen and digests it. Then displays antigen fragments bound to its unique MHC molecules. This combination of antigen and MHC attracts the help of a mature matching T cell. Cytokines secreted by the T cell help the B cell to multiply into antibody producing plasma cells. Released into the blood, antibodies lock onto matching antigens. The antigen-antibody complexes are then cleared by the complement cascade or by the liver and spleen.
How do cells differentiate self from nonself...?
T cells compare non-self antigens to HLA (human leukocyte antigens) molecules with proteins the system already knows are its own. Your cells don't react b/c of tolerance, but are not tolerant to the HLA proteins of someone else. When a non-self (ex. after transplant) your T cells will begin a cell mediated immune response against it, considering them foreign.
Functions of Antibodies
-protection of the host by binding with the antigen
-Neutralization of viruses by preventing attachment and entrance into host cells
-opsonization of bacteria
-activation of inflammatory process
Inflammation vs. Immunity
Inflammation- the body's protective response at the site of injury or tissue destruction. Although infectious agents can produce inflammation, infection is not synonymous with inflammation.
(ex. of inflammation w/o infection:
-MI, sprain, blood clot)

Immunity- a state of active resistance to a particular pathogen, which requires functional T & B memory cells.
(Fab) Fragment antigen-binding
binding of antigen/antibody forms immune complexes.

epitope- portion of antigen that is capable of binding to lymphocyte

paratope- the matching portion on the lymphocyte
Antigen presenting cell
(accessory cell) displays foreign antigen complexes with major histocompatibility complex on surfaces. T cells may recognize using T cell receptors and process antigens and present them to T cells.
Antigen processing
process that prepares antigens for presentation to special cells of the immune system called T lymphocytes. Either from own (self) proteins or intracellular pathogens (viruses) or from phagocytosed pathogens (bacteria). Presentation depends on which pathway is used, class I or class II MHC.
Blood types antigens and antibodies each type possess.
Blood Type (A)
antibody- B
antigen- A

Blood Type (B)
antibody- A
antigen- B

Blood Type (AB)
antibody- None
antigen- A & B

Blood Type (O)
antibody- A & B
antigen- None
Type I hypersensitivity reactions and common examples
Type I is an immediate allergic or anaphylactic type of reaction mediated primarily by sensitized mast cells. Mast cell degranulation releases chemicals that mediate the signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis.

Common examples: Asthma, bee-sting, rhinitis, atopic eczema
Type II hypersensitivity reactions and common examples
Occurs when antibodies are formed against antigens on cell surfaces, usually resulting in lysis of target cells. Cell lysis may be mediated by activated complement fragments or by phagocytic cells that are attracted to target cells by the attached antibodies.

Common examples: Graves disease, blood transfusion reaction, Myasthenia Gravis (autoimmune disorder) Hyperacute graft rejection.
Type III hypersensitivity reactions and common examples
Occurs when antigen-antibody complexes are deposited in tissues and result in the activation of complement and subsequent tissue inflammation and destruction.

Common examples: Immune Complex Glomerulonephritis (inflammatory renal disorder) Systemic Lupus, Farmer's lung disease, Rheumatoid arthritis
Type IV hypersensitivity reactions and common examples
T cell mediated and do not require antibody production. Sensitized T cells react with altered or foreign cells and initiate inflammation. Delayed hypersensitivity characterized by tissue damage resulting from a delayed cellular reaction to an antigen.

Common examples- Skin graft reactions and rejections (Cutaneous Basophil Hypersensitivity), Contact Hypersensitivity/dermatitis (response to plant oils, chemicals, ointments, clothing, cosmetics, dyes and adhesives. TB test,
What is the body's first line of defense...?
Nonspecific: Innate Barriers
Physical and mechanical barriers include:
-skin & -mucous membranes
Biochemical barriers of skin:
-sebaceous glands in the skin secrete fatty acids and lactic acid.

Also an innate barrier in first line of defense: Lungs produce a chemical called collectins, known as surfactant proteins. Surfactant A & D promote phagocytosis and reduce surface tension in the lungs.

Bacteria Derived Chemicals are another Innante defense. (ex. GI tract, vagina, skin)
GI tract-
help digest fatty acids, BDC produce ammonia,phenols, indoles, and vit. K.

Vagina-
Lactobacillus produce lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide.Yeast is a normal vaginal bacterial flora.
Second line of Defense
Inflammatory response. Almost immediate. promotes healing, isolates, destroys and removes invadors by phagocytosis.
Third line of defense
Immune Response - Specific
Slower, recognition of self vs non self.
Long time protection from memory. Inflammatory and immune responses compliment one another.
Exogenous Modulators
Have profound effect on the immune cells ability to respond to antigens.
ex- trauma, disease, radiation, uv lights, and drugs
Endogenous Modulators
Create a variation in ability to respond to antigens and immunogens
ex.- age, gender, nutritional status, genetic make-up, reproductive status
What is the predominant WBC detected in early infection...?
Neutrophils are the most numerous WBCs in the blood. A large storage pool lies in the bone marrow and can be mobilized in response to antigen. They migrate to the area following cheotactic factors and perform phagocytic functions. During acute bacterial infection, large numbers of neutrophils (bands) are released into the blood, termed "shift to the left." Chronic infections may produce a shift to the right with more segmented neutrophils than normal.
Cytokines
Cytokines are peptide factors released by immune cells. Functions include inflammatory mediators, chemotaxins, intercellular communication signals, growth factors, and growth inhibitors. Macrophages and lymphocytes are important sources of immune cytokines.
Complement system
Consists of about 20 plasma proteins that interact in a cascade fashion to produce important mediators of inflammation and immunity. The cascade can be activated by microbial antigens (alternative pathway) or by antigen-antibody complexes (classical pathway)
Coagulation Cascade
Tissue injury from the infectious process activates the coagulation cascade which forms a fibrin meshwork to help entrap and localize the agent.
Kinin system
The kinin system is also activated, which promotes vasodilation to increase blood flow to the area.
Inflammatory Chemicals include:
histamine, prostaglandins, & leukotrienes are released from injured tissues, mast cells, macrophages, and neutrophils. These chemicals increase vascular permeability, vasodilate, and attract immune cells to the area (chemotaxis).
Inflammatory exudates functions:
Exudate functions to transport immune cells, antibodies, and nutrients, to the tissue and dilute the offending substance.
Serous exudate
watery and low in protien
Fibrinous exudate
thick, sticky, and high in protein
Purulent exudate
contains infective organisms, leukocytes, and cellular debris
Hemorrhagic exudate
contains red blood cells
Systemic manifestations of inflammation:
fever, neutrophilia, lethargy, muscle catabolism, increased acute phase proteins, and increased ESR. These responses are attirbutable to the IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-a released from macrophages and inflamed tissues.
Primary location where lymphocytes mature, differentiate, and proliferate...?
bone marrow and thymus
Secondary location where lymphocytes mature, differentiate, and proliferate...?
lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, Peyer's patches, and appendix