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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Exocrine glands
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excrete to outside of body: sweat, saliva, sebaceous
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Endocrine glands
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secretes contents into bloodstream
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Hormone
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substance secreted by one organ and has effect of another organ
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What are the therapeutic uses of hormones
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replacement therapy, diagnostic purpose, drugs (pharmacologic purpose)
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What is the Hypothalamus pituitary axis?
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how hormones are regulated: go to the hypothalamus which sends message to pituitary gland which affects bones, skin, thyroid, kidney, breast tissue, testes, ovaries, adrenal gland, pituitary gland
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What is the master gland
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pituitary gland
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What are the hormones released from the posterior pituitary?
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ADH (anti diuretic hormone), vasopressin (pitressin)
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What is the physiologic role of ADH
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8 amino acids (protein), can't take orally, regulate water metabolism (causes kidneys to reabsorb water), and causes peripheral vasoconstriction
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What is a therapeutic indication of taking ADH
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diabetes insipidous (dont make enough ADH need it replaced) because they get polyuria and polydipsia
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What are side effects of ADH
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caution with peripheral vascular disease, angina, increased BP, water intoxication,
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What may interact with ADH?
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alcohol- it blocks the effects of ADH and makes you pee
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What is the role of oxytocin (pitocin)?
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can't take it oral; does not induce labor, but it facilitates labor and makes it occur more smoothly: if affects labor later on but not early on; breast milk release, uterus involution, post partum bleeding, after birth (placenta), mom and fetal bond, oxytocin makes men sleep
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What are some therapeutic uses of oxytocin?
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post partum, placenta, uterus involution, correct use: when labor fails to progress or when keeping baby inside is dangerous to mom or fetus
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What are some side effects/precuations of oxytocin?
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check that the fetus is aligned correctly**, uterine contractions, monitor fetus for distress, can make kidneys reabsorb water, milk production
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What is an ergot derivative/ oxytocic like agent that causes uterine contractions and what is it used for?
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methergine- used for post partum bleeding and uterine involution
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What does increased osmolality mean?
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dehydration, causes increased ADH and then causes the kidneys to retain more water
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What does decreased osmolality mean?
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too hydrated: decrease ADH and cause teh kidneys to pee out more water
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What do you give in a heart attack to raise BP?
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vasopressin
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What are the stages of labor
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dilation, delivery of baby, delivery of placenta
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What is contraindicated to induce labor or before the 3rd stage of labor?
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methergine: it causes prolonged sustained contractions and fetal distress with no relaxation: can also cause placental captivation (placenta stays in the mother)
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What are oxytocic agents?
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cervical ripening agents for ready to dilate and thinning and softer
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What do you use to treat premature labor?
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aspirin like drugs- block prostaglandins (which induce labor)
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What do prostaglandins do?
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induce labor
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What is used to promote a normal vaginal delivery w/o a C section?
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oxytocic like agents: cervical ripening agents
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What are some cervical afacing drugs?
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prostaglandin E2 (Prepidil, Cervidil)
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What are some side effects for cytotec?
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uterine contractions (monitor fetus), increases the moms temperature
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What should you not use if you're pregnant unless you're using intervaginally for contractions?
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cytotect, because it causes contractions
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What is cytotec for?
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to help prevent NSAID ulcers but can cause contractions
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What do prostaglandins ALWAYS cause?
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uterine contractions
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What is prostin E2 suppository?
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for fetal death that occurs after a mid trimester abortion
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What is used for uterine relaxation?
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tocolytic agents
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What are tocolytic agents used for?
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to treat premature labor
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What is a tocolytic agent that is a beta stimulant?
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Ritordine (Yutopar)- beta stimulant that can cause tachycardia and increased blood sugar: and brethine
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What is bad about Magnesium Sulfate?
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low therapeutic index: toxic, monitor levels and do deep tendon reflex to test: if reflex disappears, you could be toxic
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What does magnesium sulfate do?
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slow down the body: deep tendon reflex
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What is the active thyroid hormone?
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Triodothyronine (T3)
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What are the 2 thyroid hormones
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T3 (triodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)
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Can you live without thyroid hormones?
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yes, after birth but you will be a dwarf and mentally retarded
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What does thryoid hormone affect
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every cell in teh body
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What does the thyroid hormone do?
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increase GI motility, increased HR, decreased weight, nervous, increased basal metabolic rate, can't tolerate heat
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What does thyroid hormone do to body processes
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speed em all up
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What is hypothyroidism?
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iatrogenic (disease caused) process: usually occurs when you overdestroy the thyroid and it can't make enough T3 and T4
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What is Graves disease
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autoimmune disease
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What is the drug of choice for hypothyroidism
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synthroid (levothyroxine) (T4)
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What can you give for hypothyroidism?
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T3, T4 or both
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What are some side effects of thyroid hormones?
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signs of hyperthyroidism, tachycardia, cramping, diarrhea, increased deep tendon reflex, decreased weight, nervous, heat intolerance
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What are some treatments for hyperthyroidism
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Inderal (beta blocker), lugols solution (concentrated iodide), propylthiouracil (PTU)
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Whats the drug of choice for hyperthyroidism
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propylthiouracil (PTU)
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What does PTU do
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prevents the body from making thyroid hormone and its the drug of choice during pregnancy
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What are some side effects of PTU
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dysquesia (altered taste impairment, rash, blood), dyscrasia (anemia)
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What produces epinephrine and NE
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adrenal medulla
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What produces steroid hormones
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adrenal cortex
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Where are the adrenal glands
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on top of kidneys
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What are the 2 parts of teh adrenal glands?
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adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
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What are the 3 types of steroids made by the adrenal gland
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androgenic, mineracorticoids, and glucocorticoids
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What do androgenic steroids work like
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testosterone
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What is the prototype mineralcortical hormone?
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aldosterone
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What is the physiologic role of mineralcorticoids?
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regulates sodium, water, and potassium metabolism: causes you to retain sodium, water follows, and rid potassium
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What are indications of mineralcorticoids?
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Addisons disease- adrenal gland problem where you dont make enough aldosterone
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What is the basic way hormones/steroids work?
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negative feedback process
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What are the prototype glucocorticoids?
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cortisone, hydrocortisone
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What makes cortisone and hydrocortisone
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adrenal gland
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What do cortisone and hydrocortisone work by
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negative feedback
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What are some consequences of taking prednisone?
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body shuts down production, adrenal glands waste away and shrivel up in a couple of weeks
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What are the physiologic effects of glucocorticoids?
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stress hormones to help the body cope w/ stress, TOXIC in nature, ALWAYS weight benefits vs risks, stabilize CV system, increase blood glucose level, mineralcorticoid effect, decrease antigen-antibody process, fat redistribuation, catabolic effect (decrease muscle) causing nitrogen imbalance, decrease inflammation
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What are the indications for using glucorticoids?
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antiinflammatory acttion, organ transplant (LIFE SAVING)
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What are some side effects of glucocorticoids?
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hyperglycemia (most common cause of drug induced diabetes), CHF, edema, Cushion syndrome (fat redistribution), mask infection, decrease antibodies- increased infection risk, psychosis/ euphoria, menstrual irregulation
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What are the meds with the strongest mineralcorticoid properties?
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cortisone and hydrocortisone
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What are the meds with the moderate mineralcorticoid properties?
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prenisone
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What are the meds with teh lowest mineralcorticoid properties?
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dexamethasone
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How long do short acting mineralcorticoids last and what are they?
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cortisone, hydrocortisone (6-12 hours)
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How long do moderate acting mineralcorticoid last?
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24 hours
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How long do long acting mineralcorticoids last?
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48-72 hours
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What is the benefit of dexamethasone
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less edema/ wont cause more swelling
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What are the ways mineralcorticoids differ?
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differ in potency, differ in mineralcorticoid properties/effects (all work same for inflammation), differ in how long they work and cause negative feedback on adrenal gland
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What are some dosing guidelines for giving the glucocorticoids?
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Give what is needed to make someone live and give it for the shortest time possible (won't overdose), once a day in the morning to reduce stress (get less negative feedback), alternate day therapy (every other day to reduce negative feedback), NEVER suddenly stop after taking for a while
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Why do we use alternate day therapy?
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give prednisone and it will start to wear off and the adrenal gland will recover and then give the next dose (give the adrenal gland time to recover and have less negative feedback)
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