Nucleic Acids, Dna Synthesis, Transcription, And Translation

Front 1

importance of nuleic acids

Back 1

they store and process information at the molecular level. DNA-genetic blueprint
RNA- carries out instructions of DNA.

Front 2

RNA is located

Back 2

mostly in the cytoplasm

Front 3

DNA is located

Back 3

in the nucleus

Front 4

3 components of nucleotides

Back 4

1. nitrogenous base
2. pentose sugar
3. phosphate group

Front 5

DNA's pentose sugar

Back 5

deoxyribose

Front 6

RNA's pentose sugar

Back 6

ribose

Front 7

nucleic acids contain

Back 7

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

Front 8

purines

Back 8

adenine (A) and guanine (G)

Front 9

pyrimidines

Back 9

uracil (U), cytosine (C), and thymine (T)

Front 10

nitrogen bases of RNA

Back 10

adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine

Front 11

nitrogen bases of DNA

Back 11

adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine

Front 12

dsDNA is held together with

Back 12

H bonds between the bases

Front 13

DNA

Back 13

long double stranded polymer
contains instructions for gene expression/protein synthesis

Front 14

RNA

Back 14

single strands of nucleotides
does the grunt work of protein synthesis

Front 15

the genetic code

Back 15

method of information instruction and storage in DNA

Front 16

triplet

Back 16

sequence of 3 nitrogen bases that signal for a specific amino acid.

Front 17

gene

Back 17

functional unit of heredity. a gene contains a triplet code to encode for a protein.

Front 18

promotor

Back 18

start segment of a gene. needs to be unbound from a histone for the gene to be activated.

Front 19

DNA replication

Back 19

occurs in the nucleus. a copy of each parent gene must go into each daughter cell. requires DNA, helicases, nuleotides, and DNA polymerase.

Front 20

helicases

Back 20

unwind the dsDNA and break the H bond between the DNA strands. the exposed nitrogen bases are complimentary base paired to create a new strand of DNA. this is done by DNA polymerase.

Front 21

DNA polymerase

Back 21

enzyme needed to synthesize new DNA. copies the DNA by complementary base pairing. also acts as a "spell checker" to correct any nucleotide misplacement.

Front 22

mutations

Back 22

occur when nucleotide misplacement is not corrected. point mutations (one nucleotide wrong in a triplet) can cause diseases such as sickle cell anemia.

Front 23

gene activation

Back 23

once the histone moves away from the gene's promoter and the h bonds are broken between the complementary bases, the gene is activated.

Front 24

RNA polymerase

Back 24

binds to the promoter of a gene and starts synthesizing mRNA from DNA template strand by complementary base paring (A-U, T-A, C-G. G-C)

Front 25

coding strand

Back 25

contains the actual gene squence for the protein being made. complementary base paired with the template strand.

Front 26

template strand

Back 26

acts as a template for the RNA polymerases to make mRNA.

Front 27

transcription

Back 27

process which mRNA is transcribed from DNA template strand. RNA polymerase takes notes or transcribes the mRNA. done inside the nucleus. needs DNA, RNA polymerase, and nucleotides to make mRNA

Front 28

codon

Back 28

triplet code of nitrogen bases for mRNA to encode for a specific protein.

Front 29

immature mRNA

Back 29

includes codons for functional protein plus nunsense codons. nonsense codons must be edited out before the mRNA leaves the nucleus.

Front 30

introns

Back 30

nonsense regions of a gene or immature mRNA

Front 31

exons

Back 31

coding regions for functional proteins spliced together for mature mRNA

Front 32

splicing

Back 32

process of cutting out introns and ligating exons by nuclear enzymes

Front 33

translation

Back 33

translating the message from mRNA into an actual protein. occurs at the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. requires mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA to make the protein.

Front 34

transfer RNA (tRNA)

Back 34

brings the specific amino acid to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

Front 35

anticodon

Back 35

code on the tRNA to complement mRNA codon. the correct amino acid is carried by the tRNA that has a complementary base pairing of its anticodon with the mRNA's codon.