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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Pharmacodynamics is the _______ of drugs on the body.
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Pharmacodynamics is the actions of drugs on the body.
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Pharmacokinetics is how the body _________ drugs.
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Pharmacokinetics is how the body processes drugs
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Pharmacognosy is the ______ of drugs
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Pharmacognosy is the origin of drugs
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What is toxicology?
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The toxic effects of drugs on the body
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What are the 4 major categories in pharmacodynamics explaining the action of drugs on the body?
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1. Depression - lessening of body function.
2. Stimulation - increases a body function. 3. Irritant - produces inflammation on skin or mucous membranes 4. Demulcent - soothes a body part |
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What are the 4 main areas of pharmacokinetics?
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1. Absorption
2. Distribution 3. Metabolism 4. Excretion |
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What routes of absorption are used for drugs?
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1. enterally (GI tract)
2. Parenterally (interdermal, IM, IV or intrathecal) 3. Percutaneoulsy - inhalation, sublingually, transdermally or topically |
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What is distribution of a drug in the body and what factors affect it?
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It is how the drug travels through blood vessels to its site of action in tissues.
protein binding fat solubility |
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What is drug metabolism and where is the primary site for this?
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It is the body breaking down the drug into a water soluble molecule for excretion from the body. The liver is the primary site for this.
Without excretion the drug would have a permanent effect on the body |
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The primary site for excretion is the ________
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kidneys, but also happens through perspiration, respiration or defecation
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Pharmacotherapeutics definition?
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The effects of drugs on the body. The sum of the biological, physical and psychological changes because of the drug.
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Pharmacotherapeutics:
When a drug produces a cure it is said to be ________? |
When a drug produces a cure it is said to be curative
When a drug does not produce a cure but decreases or relieves symptoms it is said to be ________? |
When a drug does not produce a cure but decreases or relieves symptoms it is said to be palliative
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Pharmacotherapeutics:
When a drug replaces a substance that is deficit in the body it is said to be _________? |
When a drug replaces a substance that is deficit in the body it is said to be substitutive
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Pharmacotherapeutics:
A drug that prevents disease is said to be ____________, while one that is given to diagnose is ____________? |
A drug that prevents disease is said to be preventative, while one that is given to diagnose is diagnostic?
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What is the difference between a side effect and an adverse reaction of a drug?
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A side effect is an additional mild effect apart from desired effect, while an adverse reaction is more severe.
True or false: all drugs have a toxic level |
True
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What are the 6 rights of drug administration?
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right patient
right time right drug right dose right route right documentation |
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When administering iodinated contrast media what is the possible reaction to its osmolality?
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can cause vasodilation or vasoconstriction
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What are some of the possible adverse reactions to Iodinated contrast media when it is Ionized?
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Can alter electrical activity of the body and cause seizures and cardiac dysfunction
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What can happen from the molecular toxicity from iodinated contrast media?
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Can trigger release of histamine and cause allergic reactions and also increase thrombin time (increased coagulation time)
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What are the adverse reactions to Iodinated contrast media?
Overall? Cutaneous? GI? CNS? Respiratory? Cardiovascular? Renal? |
Overall - warmth, flushing, metallic taste
Cutaneous - uticaria(hives), itching, angloedema GI - nausea, vomiting CNS - headache, dizziness, seizures Respiratory - mild to severe dyspnea Cardiovascular - tachycardia, bradycardia, hypotension, dysrhythmia, cardiac arrest Renal - alters filtration rate - diuresis, can lead to acute renal failure; what should be checked to prevent this? |
BUN and creatinine levels prior to contrast administration
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What is the contrast medium used in MRI's that is highly toxic with many unpaired electrons?
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Gadolinum, which can cause nephrogenic systemic fibrosis on pts with renal insufficiency
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What is Lasix? and what is it used for?
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Produces diuresis within 5 minutes, peaks at 20 and lasts 2 hrs. used after renal scans when there is a problem and to differentiate between slow or obstructed kidneys
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What is an ACE inhibitor?
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(angiotensis-converting enzyme) produced by kidneys for hypotension to increase blood pressure through vasoconstriction. the inhibitor reverses this so dilates renal arteries which is indicated when there is a stenosis or blockage
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What is important in patient prep prior to kidney exam?
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1. discontinue use of ACE inhibitors 48 hrs prior to scan.
2. Be well hydrated |
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What is given to pt prior to renal exam?
give the 2 names of the drug |
ACE inhibitor is given to now lower pressure and open circulation in kidneys, either Capropril or Vasotec
why is this done? |
Because the BP is lowered then the kidney's will work slower and if the scan comes out negative then no further tests are required
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What radiopharmaceutical is used in renal scans and what are we looking for?
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MAG3 is used and we are looking to see if the GFR is lowered. (GFG is glomerular filtration rate) GFR is the measure of fluid filtered from the renal glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule per unit time. GFR is often used to determine renal function.
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What pharmaceuticals are used in Nuclear Cardiology studies as alternative to treadmill?
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adenosine
dipyridamole (Persantine) dobutamine Lexicscan |
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What is primary intended effect of using Adenosine in cardiac stress tests?
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It is a nucleoside 2 sec half life (involved in energy transfer - ATP, etc) but causes in this case coronary artery vasodialation
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What is the purpose of giving a patient Dipyridamole (Persantine) before a cardiac stress test?
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It facilitates local concentration of adenosine which causes vasodialation of normal arteries
has bad side effects, namely horrendous headaches, nausea |
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What does Lexiscan (regadenoson) do to the patient prior to the stress test?
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Produces coronary vasodialiation and increases coronary blood flow. radiopharmaceutical able to be administered immediately
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Why is Lexiscan preferred to the other drugs?
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It has preferential binding to A2A adenosine receptors which is responsible for coronary artery vasodialation while adenosine binds to all 4: A1: decreases heart rate, A2B:bronchspasm, A3: protects heart during ischemia
plus it has less side effects, but is more expensive |
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Patient preparation for stress test?
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1. NPO for min of 4 hrs prior to test
2. No santhine products for 12-24hrs prior (caffine) even decaffine coffee |
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Contraindications for Adenosine and Persantine?
Adverse effects for all 3 including Lexiscan? |
Hx of bronchospasm, pulmonary disease, hypotension, asthma
chest pain, headache, shortness of breath, chest heaviness, hypotension, flushing. what do you give to reverse adverse effects? |
Aminophylline
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What is another cardiac stress drug given to pts with hx of asthma that stimulates Beta 1 receptors that increases heart contractions and O2 demand?
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Dobutamine
how are its effects reversed? |
giving pt beta blockers, which have to be discontinued 24 hrs prior to test
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What drug is given in Hepatobillary scans that causes the gallbladder to contract and release bile?
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Cholecystokinin (CCK)
what is this test done for? |
to determine gall bladder ejection fraction
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Why do you not inject CCK if you do not see the gall bladder on HIDA scan?
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You don't see it because there is no bile in gall bladder, because there is a blockage. have to try to unblock the obstruction first, how is this done?
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administer morphine sulfate which is used in pain relief but also to cause constriction of the sphincter of Oddi, hopefully clearing obstruction
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What is the condition called Meckel's Diverticulum?
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the "disease of 2' - found in 2% of children at age 2, where ectopoic gastric mucosa is found in the intestine
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What is given to Meckel Diverticulum patient to suppress secretion of stomach acid? and you can image 1 hr after giving?
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Cimetidine, an H2 receptor antagonist
what is given prior to exam to stimulate gastric secretions and what is given to reduce peristaisis? |
Pentagastrin for increased secretions and glucagon to reduce the peristaisis
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