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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Understand how water is distributed through out the body |
shifts freely in and out of cells |
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What are common electrolytes ? |
sodium(p), chloride(n), potassium(p), phosphate(n) |
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What is osmosis? |
Movement of water across membrane from low to high concentration. Ions affect the flow. |
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Understand the functions of water in the body |
- temperature regulation - Universal solvant - moistens, lubricates, cushions |
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What are the fluid recommendations for men and women (not including from food) |
2.2 liters (9 cups) for women 3 liters (13 cups) for men |
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How is water lost from the body? |
- Urine (greatest source of output) - perspiration - respiration - feces |
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How does the body conserve water when shortage detected? |
- Antidiuretic hormone: secreted by pituitary gland, causes kidneys to decrease excretion increasing blood volume - Angiotensin: produced by liver activated by kidneys, adrenal glands produce aldosterone and directs kidneys to conserve sodium, also increases blood volume. |
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Progression/symptoms of dehydration |
1. Thirst 2. Stronger Thirst, loss of appetite, increased hemoconcentration 3. Less movement, emotional instability 4. Tingling in arms, hands, and feet. Stumbling, headache, Heat exhaustion 5. Labored breathing, dizziness, cyanosis 6. Muscle cramps, poor balance when eyes closed, confusion, swollen tongue, decreased blood volume, failing kidney functions 7. Increasing risk of death |
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Where is thirst not reliable? |
- Considering lag time - concern for infants, elders, athletes |
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What is water intoxication? |
Overhydration and sodium dilution Potentially fatal condition that occurs with a high intake of water, which results in severe dilution of the blood and other fluid compartments |
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Define mineral |
Element used in the body to promote chemical reactions to form body structures |
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Define Major mineral |
Vital to health, required in the diet in amounts >100 mg per day |
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Define Trace mineral |
Vital to health, required in the diet in amounts <100 mg per day |
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Define Ultratrace mineral |
A mineral present in the human diet in trace amounts but has not been shown to be essential to human health |
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Define Bioavailability and what factors affect it for minerals |
degree of absorption of a substance andthus availability to body (if it can't be absorbed it can't be used) Factors: - Presence of binders and fiber - Source - Refinement - mineral-mineral and vitamin mineral competition |
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What is the risk for toxicity of minerals? How can this be avoided? |
- Typically as result of supplementation - Trace are most toxic |
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What are the functions of sodium? |
- Electrolyte: Attracts water - Fluid balance - Nerve impulse conduction - Aids absorption of some nutrients |
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What are major contributors to sodium in a diet? |
Most added during processing (~77%) Others: cooking, after cooking, natural |
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Major contributors of sodium in our diet? |
- White bread - Hot dogs and lunch meats - cheese - soups - tomato sauce |
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What is the UL for sodium? |
- Approx. 1 teaspoon, 2300 miligrams |
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Whats the RDA range for calcium for adults? |
1000mg - 1200mg |
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Understand stages of iron deficiency |
S1: iron stores are depleted, no physiological impairments observed S2: Iron in transferrin depleted, some physiological impairment, Heme production decreased, activities of enzymes requiring iron as cofactor are limited S3: Red blood cells are small (microcytic), pale (hypochromic), reduced in number; oxygen capacity of red blood cells declines |
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What factors affect iron absorption? |
- Iron status - Form in food - Acidity of GI tract - other dietary components |
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Heme Iron |
– Iron provided from animal tissues in the form of hemoglobin and myoglobin – Approximately 40% of the iron in meat, fish, and poultry isheme iron – Readily absorbed |
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Nonheme iron |
– Iron provided from plant sources, supplements, andanimal tissues other than the forms of hemoglobin andmyoglobin – Less efficiently absorbed; absorption dependent on bodyneeds |
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RDA of iron for men and women? |
- Men and post menopausal women: 8 mg - Women: 18 mg |
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What is hypertension? What blood pressure defines it? How can it be categorized based on cause? |
Hypertension: High blood pressure Primary Hypertension: 140/90 mm Hg or higher with no identified cause; also known as essential hypertension Secondary Hypertension: 140/90 mm Hg or higher as a result of disease or drug use. |
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Risk factors of hypertension and benefits of prevention? |
- Cardiovascular disease - Kidney disease - Strokes and related declines in brain function - poor blood circulation in legs - vision problems - sudden death |
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How can hypertension be controlled using diet, exercise and life style management? |
- lose excess weight - follow a DASH diet - Exercise daily - limit sodium - limit alcohol |
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What is the UL for sodium? |
2300 milligrams |
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What is Calciums RDA for adults? |
1000 milligrams |
