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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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clearly explain the role that thiamin plays in the cycling of vitamin C |
Thiamin is needed for the production of reduced niacin (NADPH) from the hexose monophosphate shunt. This reduced niacin is used to reduce DHA back to ascorbic acid |
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explain how the liver plays an active role in the excretion of 2 vitamin |
when niacin is absorbed into liver, it decides if it is saturated enough. If there is enough niacin in the liver then it converts it into NMN to be excreted in urine. When Vit B6 is absorbed into the liver, the liver can then decide to metabolize it into 5-pantothenic acid if its in PLP form or 4-PA if its PN coenzyme form. This is the w323roduct then excreted through urine. |
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explain how the liver plays an active role in the excretion of 2 vitamin |
The liver can decide if there is too much niacin or too much vitamin B6. If the liver senses too much niacin, it converts it to its excretion form of NMN(N-methyl nucleotide), and b6 will remove it as either 4-pyradoxic acid (4PA) or 5-paradoxic acid (5PA). |
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explain how pyruvate concentrations are impacted by two of vitamins |
riboflavin and thiamin are required for energy transformation. they are utilized to transform pyruvate into acetyl CoA. when the body needs energy, ATP is required and pyruvate will be transformed to acetyl CoA, which means the concentration will be lower.
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identify the vitamin deficiency for each symptom below. connect the symptom with a vitamin function |
bruising: Vitamin C- collagen synthesis. Bruising is side effect of low collagen synthesis. microcytic anemia: Vitamin B6- required for hemoglobin synthesis. Without B6, smaller RBC. scaly rash: Niacin- skin exposed to sun more likely to get dermatitis due to low niacin, cells cannot perform tissue regeneration |
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in general, describe (a) oxidation and (b) reduction reaction involving both niacin and riboflavin |
oxidation pyruvate to acetyl CoA Niacin (NAD) will oxidize substrate and become reduced NADPH ( harnessing energy). Thiamin (FAD) will oxidize substrate and become reduced FADH (harnessing energy) Reduction recycling of vitamin c Niacin (NADPH) is needed to reduce vitamin c creating an oxidized form of niacin (NAD). Riboflavin assists niacin in this oxidative process |
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briefly discuss a genetic mutation or polymorphism impacting each of the vitamins-Vitamin C, Niacin, B6. Thiamin |
vitamin C- SVCT1 mutation. homogenous affect where you cannot absorb as much vitamin c niacin- hartnup disease- inability to absorb tryptophan. Can't produce Niacin vitamin B6-excessive excretion of estrogen will affect absorption of B6 thiamin-MSUD can’t metabolize branch chained amino acids |
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which two vitamin bind to their enzyme? explain the coenzyme function of each vitamin. |
Riboflavin and Vitamin B6 bind to their enzyme. Riboflavin’s coenzyme function is to either donate a hydrogen or accept a hydrogen depending on if its NAD+ or NADPH. Vitamin B6 helps to metabolize amino acids use schiff-base by weakening the bonds of the amino acids |
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discuss separate population groups that should not be advised to consume (a) high dose vitamin C and (b) high dose niacin due to likely complications. clearly explain these complication |
(VITAMIN C) Stone formers should not intake high dose vitamin c because of the production of oxalic acid. They will produce more kidney stones (NIACIN) People taking a statin shouldn’t take high dose niacin because in the AIM study they saw a potential correlation between statins + high Niacin and an increase in strokes with cardiovascular disease patients. |
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based on what you learned in class, discuss the thiamin and niacin intakes of Asian population. Is their vitamin status likely compromised? explain |
In the Asian population thiamin can be a problem because they tend to eat a lot of raw fish, which contains thiaminase. Thiaminase inhibits absorption. Due to high consumption, this likely compromises their vitamin status Niacin is bound to complex carbohydrates. Due to the processing of rice, the vitamin is lost to processing, leading to the likelihood of vitamin status deficiency. |
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define each of the following and explain why this measure is used for determining dietary intake. |
RAE: retinol activity equivalents: This is measured like this because of carotenoids can be converted to retinal. DFE:this is saying you need 400 ug from food not supplements. If you get folic from supplement it is more bioavailable and you would only need half. |
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deficiency of two of the vitamins has been associated with increased infant mortality. identify these vitamins and explain these associations with mortality in terms of vitamin function |
Vitamin A is needed for gene expression so your body can make effective proteins differentiate dendritic cells and mucus cells needed for an effective immune response. Children who are or were deficient in vitamin A had more infections and death.Vitamin K is needed for blood clotting and carboxylation of proteins so you can recognize when you need to clot. Babies who are breastfed are not receiving vitamin K and Vitamin K doesn’t get to the baby well in utero so unless the baby gets a vitamin K shot after birth they could end up hemorrhaging and die. |
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explain the folate trap. Why is this condition a serious concern for elderly individuals living in the US? |
When folate enters the cell it is reduced to THF. It then methylates into 5,10-MethleneTHF form. With MTHFR it goes to 5-MethylTHF and gives the methyl group to B12 to methylate homocysteine to methione. Without B12, the 5-MethylTHF will be stuck, homocysteine will not be converted to methione and folate will not be recycled. Elderly have a hard time digesting B12 (complicated process) and will have an increase homocysteine and could lead to dementia. |
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what form of vitamin E is considered active? why did the RDA committee only recognize this vitamer of vitamin E when establishing the RDA? what are the inactive vitamin E vitamin? |
Active: 2R Series alpha Tocopherols Inactive: Tocotrienols (alpha, beta, delta, gamma) 2S series alpha tocopherols Tocopherols (belta, delta, gamma) The 2R Series is active because the liver differentiates (alpha-TTP). |
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vitamin A deficiency can be associated with 2 forms of blindness. clearly explain |
night blindness: vitamin A is important to form rhodopsin which is responsible to sense light. people with night blindness are not able to sense the light at night. in addition, it takes a longer time for them to adjust to the light at night. Xerophthalmia: dryness of eye due to lack of mucus production. when it get worse, it may lead to blindness one day
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describe how the vitamin pairs below interact in vivo. (e.g. in the body). Zinc and Vitamin A OR Vitamin E and Vitamin K OR Vitamin E and Vitamin A |
Zn and Vitamin A: Zn is required for retinol binding protein vitamin E and vitamin K: Vitamin E enhances the excretion of vitamin K vitamin E and vitamin A: Vitamin E inhibits the conversion from beta-carotene to retinal (RAL). This conversion is an oxidation reaction and E is an antioxidant.
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in terms of vitamin B12, explain the relevance of the following molecules |
methylmalonic acid: it can be tested from urine to see if a person has B12 deficiency. methionine: methionine is the product of transferring a methyl group to homocysteine which requires B12. cubilin: Cubilin binds to the B12/IF complex for transport into the tissues. (mucosal cells) |
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discuss dietary sources for all 5 vitamin in a vegan diet
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folate: okra, raw vegetable B12: fortified breakfast cereals vitamin A: carrots, sweet potatoes vitamin E: wheatgerm oil, almonds vitamin K: kale, parsley |
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write a nutritional, informative sentence (or 2) containing the four terms: folate, polyglutamate, MTHR polymorphism, and anemia |
folate is in polyglutamate form which needs to convert to monoglutamate form before absorption. people with MTHR polymorphism may not able to convert 5-methyl THF to THF which may lead to anemia. |
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saturation kinetics does not apply for the absorption of which vitamin |
Vitamin B6 |
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identify the correct statement |
niacin is involved in electron transfer
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identify the incorrect statement regarding methods for vitamin assessment |
urinary vitamin c |
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high blueberry consumption at mealtime may destroy which of the following vitamins |
thiamin |
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direct application of which vitamin may improve cornea strength |
riboflavin |
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state the fun fact for either niacin or vitamin B6 |
In 1938 three scientists discovered Nicotinic Acid was the cure for pellagra. They were named Times “men of the year”. - Niacin B6 is one of the leading deficiencies in the U.S , next to Iron .- B6 |
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list a common but excellent source of each of the vitamins |
C: papaya, sweet red peppers B1: sweet potato B2: nonfat milk/yogurt B3: tuna B6: chicken, banana |
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what is the RDA and UL for vitamin C |
adult male: 90mg adult female: 75mg UL: 2000mg |
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which nutrient has the lowest availability and why? |
Vitamin B6 because it enters cells through passive diffusion. This can be interfered with easily through blockage and other things. It also does not have transporters. |
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what metabolic process requires both thiamin and riboflavin? |
-The dehydrogenation (riboflavin) decarboxylation (thiamin) of pyruvate-->acetyl CoA. -Krebs cycle -Decarboxylation of pyruvate
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which nutrient has the lowest bioavailability |
beta carotene in carrots |
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select the excellent source of vitamin K |
kale |
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hemolytic anemia is a symptom of |
vitamin E deficiency |
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which topic was covered in a class video |
Holo transcobalamin |
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what is the general role of the vitamin K |
carboxylation |
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compare folate bioavailability in spinach vs. supplement vs. bread |
supplement (100%)>bread(50~85%)>spinach(<50%)
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what is the RDA and UL for vitamin E? |
15mg RRR-alpha-tocopheral 30mg rec all-alpha tocopheral UL:1000mg all form of vitamin E |
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what is the general function of vitamin B12? |
Vitamin B12 donates and accepts methyl groups |
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what is a specific deficiency symptom of folate in young women? |
Megaloblastic macrocytic anemia |
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how is vitamin A deficiency measured? |
plasma retinol |
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How is K deficiency assessed? |
blood test |
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which nutrient has a UL lower than its RDA? |
Mg |
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which factor is not linked to bone reabsorption? |
alkaline diets |
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which nutrient has the lowest bioavailability |
calcium |
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“gene expression” is a function of which nutrient? |
vitamin D
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discuss the recent change in the vitamin D recommendation and why? |
The RDA for vitamin D was increased 3-fold because of several factors, including Americans becoming more sedentary, not going outside enough, as well as the obesity epidemic, which are all cause for a necessary increase in vitamin D. |
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state the general function for ionized calcium and provide one example |
Second messenger-immune function. Example: blood clotting |
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what was the video message regarding children’s snack? |
prepacked and snacks for children are not healthy because they may contain high amount of Na |
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which nutrient is extremely low on the ancestral Paleolithic diet VS. the modern diet-why was the human species able to survive? |
Sodium because there is not a lot of sodium in vegetables, legumes, and fruits. The human species was able to survive off of the land, which has greater nutritional value than processed foods. |
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state the potassium RDA and one excellent source of potassium |
Potassium RDA is 4700 mg/d Excellent source of K is prune juice, potatoes with skin, avocado |
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clearly describe TWO mechanism that drive the Na and K differential across cell membranes. Why is this critical functions of these minerals? |
Na: NA+/H+ pump: it is used to control electrolyte and fluid balance in our body (osmosis) K: K channel keeps opening unless high ATP. it is important to excite nerve cell, muscle cell and endocrine cell |
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which nutrient deficiency is characterized by neuromuscular hyperexcitability, impaired insulin function, and low Calcitriol? link each symptom with a function. |
Magnesium Hyperexcitability- caused by low mg because Mg is a Ca channel blocker. Low Mg can't block these channels and Ca will keep entering causing contraction of muscle. Impaired insulin function: Mg is needed to help insulin receptor signal cell to uptake glucose. Insulin receptor cannot do this with decreased Mg. Low calcitriol: decreased Mg causes decrease PTH secretion-- calcidiol in blood to not be signaled to convert to calcitriol=decreased calcitriol. |
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explain the biosynthetic pathway to vitamin D activation starting from cholesterol. You must list 4 intermediates (aside from cholesterol), 2 enzyme, and 3 organs. |
Cholesterol is in the epidermis or the skin and the sun will convert it to pre-cholecalciferol. The pre-cholecalciferol will then convert to cholecalciferol and then go to the liver where it is hydrolyzed by 1-hydrolase. It then becomes calcidiol. The calcidiol is then taken to the kidney where it is again hydrolyzed with 1-hydrolase with the help of NADPH and it becomes the active form of calcitriol and it is ready to perform its functions by binding to DBP and chylomicrons. |
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list 2 causes of hyperkalemia with an explanation. discuss a population at possibly at risk for hyperkalemia and provide nutritional advice. |
Potassium supplementation can cause a disturbance in the balance of potassium. The pumps (Na/K) will not be able to regulate this and pump enough K back into the cell. Diabetes: Insulin is needed to signal Na/K pumps to come to the surface of the cell so K (from foods) can enter and leave blood. If you have diabetes, you have decreased insulin production. Patients with diabetes need to consume foods lower in potassium if they struggle with hyperkalemia. |
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How does Mg antagonize Ca in vivo? give one instance when this might be therapeutic and one instance when this may be detrimental? |
Magnesium is a natural calcium channel blocker. This may be detrimental to someone who is calcium deficient (muscle spasms, impaired insulin function). This may be therapeutic for someone with chronic constipation, which calcium can cause. |
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explain how K interact with Ca in coronary vascular smooth muscle contraction. explain how hyperkalemia interferes with this process? |
When the muscle cell has a buildup of potassium it will leave the cell, allowing for the calcium channels to open. This allows myosin and actin to interact and causes muscle contractions. Hyperkalemia can interfere by causing the muscle to be constantly contracted as the calcium channels would remain open. |
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use the following terms in 3 or less sentences to explain Na regulation in vivo: aldosterone, lungs, adrenal gland, angiotensin, renin, kidney |
The kidney releases renin which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then converted by ACE to angiotensin II in the lungs and taken to the adrenal glands to signal to aldosterone to increase the sodium retention. |
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develop a lunch menu using fresh unprocessed foods that is rich in all 5 nutrients |
seasoned salmon salad with kale, arugula, and almonds and a banana
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list the UL for each of the nutrients and the rationales for these. |
Vitamin D: 4000 IU- soft tissue calcificatoin Calcium: 2500mg- kidney stones Magnesium: 350mg (non-dietary supplements)- diarrhea Sodium: 2300mg- hypertenstion Potassium: none- hyperkalemia can happen though which can cause heart arrhythmias |
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Discuss two mineral toxicities that lead to copper deficiency and explain the connections. |
high zinc stimulates mettalothionine and copper binds more readily to mettalothionine causing a decrease in copper
high iron status causes DMT to be down regulated ( DMT1 accounts for 50% of Copper absorption) |
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Discuss an early indicator of iron deficiency and a late indicator of iron deficiency. Explain how these indicators signal iron status. |
1 |
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Two minerals are highly variable in food supplies world-wide. Identify these 2 minerals and explain why there is so much variability in foods. Why is the US food supply adequate in these minerals? |
Selenium-Dependent in soil concentration. Low selenium in China. American diet with fortified foods and animals fed with fortified feed allows adequate intake in the US. •Iodine-Most iodide found in the oceans. Coastal areas contain more iodine. US fortified salt in 1920 as iodized salt and now intake adequate amount |
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Describe the ‘organification’ of iodine. What 3 additional nutrients play an important role in this process? Explain. |
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List 2 mineral transport proteins with dual roles (e.g., ‘mineral transport in blood’ plus ‘other’ role). Explain the ‘other’ role in detail. |
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What genetic polymorphisms were discussed for iron and for zinc? Discuss the proteins affected and the symptoms associated with these conditions. |
Iron- Mutation of hepcidin, which is release from liver when body stores are adequate/high (liver detects diferric transferrin with transferrin 2 receptors.
Zinc- Mutation in ZIP4 causes zinc malabsorption syndrome known as acrodermatitis enteropathica. |
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Discuss in detail 2 reasons that the experts argue over the ‘essentiality’ of chromium. |
there are no known side effects from not consuming chromium. And has only been seen in patients on TPN. Our bodies absorb and store so little chromium that it |
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Explain the cause of each of the following conditions. (Kayser-Fleischer rings, Menkes' disease, and Keshan disease) |
Kayser-Fleischer rings- Copper- Mutation in ATP7B which moves copper into bile for excretion. Menkes’ disease- Copper- Mutation in ATP7A, decrease Cu absorption into portal blood. Keshan disease- Se deficiency- Characterized by enlarged heart and poor heart function. |
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A. For a selenium deficient individual, which selenium supplement do you recommend: selenomethionine or selenide? Clearly explain your rationale. B. Identify one selenoprotein and discuss its function in detail. |
Selenide is closer to the active form of selenium that our bodies require to make the selenoproteins. For a deficient individual I would want the form of Selenium that can be used faster to create the essential selenoproteins |
