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171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Researchers exploring early promotion of healthy diets interviewed mothers, asking them to describe how they introduced new foods to their toddlers and why they chose specific foods. This study is an example of ______ research.
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qualitative
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ABC hummus contains 40% more calcium than the %DV, thus the label may specifically state that the product is a(n) ______ source of calcium.
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high
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Which of the following statements is NOT true about 'Hippocratic dietetics'?
A) It was based on the balance concept derived from humoral theory. B) Generally, cold/moist foods were balanced with hot/dry foods. C) Balancing types of foods survives in some modern cuisines. D) Raw fruit and vegetable intake was commonly prescribed for imbalances. |
D)
Raw fruit and vegetable intake was commonly prescribed for imbalances. |
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Which type of study has the ability to prove causality?
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clinical trial
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All of the following are examples of functional foods, except:
A) Slim-fast shake B) salmon C) protein bar D) tortilla chips |
tortilla chips
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Researchers explored the outcome of dementia in a cohort of adult alcoholics. Data collected on the individuals showed a predictably high alcohol intake, as well as a low intake of thiamin. Which factor in this study is the confounder or factor X?
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thiamin intake
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A clinical trial explored the effect of zinc supplementation on the number of school days missed by middle-school children who had the common cold during a semester in a Mesa public school. This is an example of ______ research.
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applied
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The Dietary Guidelines differ generally from the Dietary Reference Intakes in the following areas , EXCEPT:
A) The DGA deal more with macronutrients than the DRIs. B) The DGA are based on data mostly from epidemiologic studies. C) The DGA gives different advice for age and gender groups, whereas the DRIs do not differentiate. D) The DGA are food based. |
The DGA gives different advice for age and gender groups, whereas the DRIs do not differentiate.
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Our ancestors' diet was estimated to contain less ______ relative to our Western diet:
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carbohydrate
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Which type of food label claim does not require FDA approval?
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structure-function
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The rate of new cases of a condition in a population during a specific time period is called:
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incidence
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What is NOT true about biochemical assessment?
A) Biochemical assessment is useful to confirm dietary intake. B) Biochemical measures can signal deficits before anthropometric changes or clinical signs occur.. C) Biochemical assessment is an objective and quantitative way to detect nutrient depletion. D) Unlike dietary measures, biochemical measures are not subject to variability or confounding factors. |
unlike dietary measures, biochemical measures are not subject to variability or confounding factors
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Of all of the following measures of nutrient status (for IRON), which one is a STATIC measure?
A) intelligence quotient testing B) delayed-type hypersensitivity response C) transferrin concentration changes D) liver iron stores |
liver iron stores
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A study follows a population sample over time to track a particular exposure and then to count the different outcomes at the end of the study period? Which research term does NOT apply to this study?
A) quantitative B) observational C) longitudinal D) retrospective |
retrospective
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In which era of nutrition was newly discovered protein promoted in Western government policies to give their nations political and economic advantage over other nations?
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1850-1950
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What is NOT a factor that is known to influence your individual nutrient requirements?
A) stage of life B) intestinal health C) medication use D) birth order |
birth order
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Which of the following dietary assessment instruments does not require recall of foods eaten but may affect what respondents choose to eat?
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food record
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Which measure of nutrient status is a better indicator of nutritional status and emphasized by the DRIs?
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functional
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Which food-based guidelines have actually been proven to reduce chronic disease in clinical trials?
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DASH Eating Plan
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Which of the following DRIs are less certain due to inadequate scientific studies to properly estimate the average requirements for some of the nutrients?
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AIs
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Which of the DRIs should be used to set goals for dietary intake of GROUPS of individuals?
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EAR
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Which term refers to the ability of an assessment method to produce the same estimate multiple occasions?
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reliability
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Which of the following was an effect of dietary change brought by the Agricultural Revolution?
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regular intake of grains and dairy
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NHANES data is used for the purpose of determining all of the following in the population, EXCEPT:
A) prevalence of disease B) common food brand purchases C) height/weight standards D) data for epidemiological studies |
common food brand purchases
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Researchers who conduct studies relating diet to chronic disease are ultimately searching for:
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Causality
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"A diet high in fruits and vegetables may lower the risk of certain cancers". This claim is an example of a:
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health claim
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Which of the following studies is often a good starting point in research because it correlates dietary factors and disease incidence within a large population?
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epidemiologic
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A p-value is the measure of statistical significance.
T or F |
T
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Vitamin reference values are published in two groups, water-soluble and fat-soluble, in the new DRIs.
T or F |
F
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The main function of the DRIs is to recommend optimal amounts of nutrients for the population.
T or F |
F
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A specific nutrient covered in the DRIs will either have an EAR or an RDA.
T or F |
F
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A guiding principle of the development of the USDA food guide was to try to meet nutrient needs without diet fortification.
T or F |
T
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To accurately estimate usual nutrient intake, you need to measure a person's dietary intake on the same day of the week for at least 2 weeks.
T or F |
F
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The UL can refer to nutrients in food sources and in supplements.
T or F |
T
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The new DRI suggests supplements or fortification of vitamin B-12 for adults over age 50.
T or F |
T
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Our ancestral subsistence ratio is estimated to have been 50% plant sources, 50% animal sources.
T or F |
T
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Randomizing study participants when assigning them to groups prevents bias.
T or F |
T
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The Healthy Eating Index measures dietary conformity to Harvard's Healthy Eating Pyramid.
T or F |
F
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As of 2003, every health claim must meet the rigorous standard of significant scientific agreement for approval.
T or F |
F
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As a result of nutrition research over the last 25 years, major chronic diseases related to diet are gradually declining.
T or F |
F
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Adequate Intake is the best current scientifically-derived estimate of reference value for a nutrient.
T or F |
F
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The USDA monitors both the federal food-based guidelines and the food industry.
T or F |
T
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Measuring stature in kids is an example of a functional biologic measure.
T or F |
F
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Due to the link between saturated fat and heart disease, the federal food-based guidelines released after 1980 have reduced the recommended servings and normal serving size of meat .
T or F |
F
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Determination of nutrient status requires only biochemical data.
T or F |
F
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case series:
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Data consist of observations from several individuals showing the same response to the same exposure.
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cross-sectional study:
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Data is analyzed from observing group characteristics at one point in time in order to detect an association between characteristics.
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epidemiologic study
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Data from large population groups characteristics are analyzed for trends
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clinical trial
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At least two groups follow an experimental protocol and outcomes are compared to detect a difference
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cohort study
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Group is followed over time and characteristics measured, then groups with different disease outcomes (heart attack, no heart attack) are compared.
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Name the USDA chemist in the late 19th century who pioneered scientific research into energy nutrients and metabolism and is referred to as the 'father of American nutrition".
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ATWATER
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Who is ultimately benefiting the most from U.S. farm policy, receiving almost 75% of the federal subsidies for production in the decade 1995-2005?
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MEAT AND DAIRY INDUSTRY
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Undigested fat would limit the absorption of:
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vitamin A
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Cooking results in all of the following effects on edible plant foods, except:
A) diminishes the nutritional value B) modifies the physical and chemical structure C) denatures toxins and binders D) bursts cells |
diminishes the nutritional value
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Which gastrointestinal organ does NOT produce a protease enzyme?
A) pancreas B) mouth C) stomach D) small intestine |
mouth
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Which 'blocker' is a manufactured fat with a 12-carbon backbone structure that human lipase enzymes cannot break down?
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olestra
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Which of the following is NOT a factor that would LOWER the bioavailability of IRON in a meal?
A) preparing the meal with olive oil B) serving only vegetarian sources such as spinach C) serving pasta and bread with the meal D) serving black tea or red wine with the meal |
preparing the meal with olive oil
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Which specific protease enzymes hydrolyze bonds at the end of a peptide chain in the brush border?
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exopeptidases
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Which cellular uptake process works solely based on the concentration gradient of the lumen and cell?
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passive diffusion
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Microbiota have a significant role in all of the following, except:
A) synthesis of vitamins and short-chain fats B) colonization resistance C) digestion and absorption of long-chain fats D) development of the immune system |
digestion and absorption of long-chain fats
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Which GI hormone stimulates insulin release?
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GIP
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Which of the following terms refers to the type of immune response that defends the gut barrier, yet accommodates certain bacterial populations?
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controlled inflammation
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Which secondary research report would contain the most rigorous evidence?
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systematic review
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Which of the following calcium supplements would be the LEAST bioavailable form?
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calcium chloride
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With the exception of vit B-12, where are the B vitamins absorbed?
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jejunum
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Which fatty acid produced by the microbiota is responsible for inhibiting cholesterol synthesis?
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propionate
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You are working as a dietitian in a pediatric outpatient clinic and a parent asks you if a high fructose corn syrup-restricted diet reduces the risk of childhood obesity? To search for evidence using the P-I-C-O format, the "I" would represents
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a diet without HFCS
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Pancreatic lipase hydrolyzes triglycerides into:
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2 fatty acids and a monoglyceride
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What is NOT a general cause of intestinal dysbiosis?
A) poor diet B) antibiotic use C) commensalism D) physical inactivity |
commensalism
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Where is normal colonization of gut microbiota the greatest?
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ascending colon
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You are trying to find current research evidence for a patient regarding the effect of calcium supplementation in people who are trying to lose weight. Accessing which of the following recently published studies would be the most convenient and quick way to get rigorous information to provide to your patient?
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clinical practice guidelines from the ADA
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All of the following risks may be increased for raw foodists, particularly vegetarian types, except:
A) elevated blood cholesterol B) anemia C) low bone mass D) reduced reproductive ability |
elevated blood cholesterol
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Which 'blocker' inhibits amylase and glucosidases in the small intestine and effectively lowers blood sugar levels in humans?
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Acarbose
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Which of the following is TRUE about supplements?
A) Time released supplements result in increased bioavailability. B) Colloidal minerals are more bioavailable. C) Nutrients be can be targeted to specific areas of the body. D) The hour of day supplements are taken does not impact their bioavailability |
The hour of day supplements are taken does not impact their bioavailability.
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When mast cells or T cells trigger the release of inflammatory chemicals (cytokines) into the gut mucosa, the direct result is:
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greater permeability of the barrier.
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Which of the following is NOT a step in the Evidence Based Practice process?
A) Evaluate the research B) Search for answers to the question C) Ask an experienced colleague for an opinion D) Formulate the question |
Ask an experienced colleague for an opinion
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During the GASTRIC phase of digestion, all of the following occur, except:
A) Lipase digests some short-chain fats. B) Peptidases digest protein. C) Acid denatures protein. D) Pepsin is converted from pepsinogen. |
Peptidases digest protein.
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Which of the following is NOT a factor that can disrupt mucosal tight junctions leading to 'leaky gut'?
A) wheat B) alcohol C) physical activity D) stress |
Physical Activity
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In searching for answers in the EBP process, which type of primary studies would be the most appropriate when researching whether a particular TREATMENT is appropriate?
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clinical trials
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Which of the following is NOT true about the Cochrane Collaboration and their Library?
A) They value controlled studies in their evidence rankings. B) Their systematic reviews are considered to be of the highest quality. C) They employ a large staff of reviewers who update reviews. D) They accept donations and grants, but do not accept corporate funding |
They employ a large staff of reviewers who update reviews.
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Which of the following is NOT a source of pre-evaluated research?
A) PubMed - MEDLINE B) Best Practices: Evidence-Based Nursing Procedures C) Clinical Evidence - BMJ D) ADA Evidence Analysis Library |
PubMed - MEDLINE
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According to the Franz article regarding the ADA and evidence based practice, which type of studies demonstrate whether the diabetes medical nutrition therapy provided by RDs is effective?
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clinical trials
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The infant gut begins to be colonized with bacteria at approximately three months.
T or F |
F
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Evidence Based Practice prioritizes quantifiable data and quantitative research.
T or F |
T
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Intake of digestive enzymes has the impact of conserving metabolic enzymes.
T or F |
F
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Enzymes in fresh fruit can enhance digestion.
T or F |
F
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If a supplement can disintegrate, it will also be soluble in the GI tract.
T or F |
F
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The ADA evidenced-based nutrition practice guidelines grade evidence in their conclusion statements in a range of I to V.
T or F |
T
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Cooking food increased the rate that we could process food thereby increasing our energy intake.
T or F |
T
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When minerals are consumed with fat, their passage through the gut wall is enhanced.
T or F |
F
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When you are stressed or angry, sympathetic nerves in the GI tract are activated and speed up digestion.
T or F |
F
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According to the Hygiene Hypothesis, children who are less exposed to dirt and other sources of microbes have a stronger immune system throughout life.
T or F |
F
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Secondary research does not collect data but compiles and analyzes the findings of multiple studies that have collected data.
T or F |
T
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Nerve receptors in the enteric nervous system are sensitive to the pH of chyme.
T or F |
T
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If you are interested in a patient's likely course of disease over time, the best place to look for answers is in case studies.
T or F |
F
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The Cochrane Library primarily provides clinical practice guidelines for various health science disciplines.
T or F |
F
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The duodenum receives bile.
T or F |
T
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Alpha acetal links are hydrolyzed by amylases in alkaline sections of the GI tract.
T or F |
T
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Maldigestion always leads to malabsorption.
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T
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Peyer's patches are follices in the small intestine that supply enzymes for digestion .
T or F |
F
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Undigested foods can promote weight gain due to toxin accumulation in the gut.
T or F |
F
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Colonic salvage refers to the capture and circulation of bile in the colon back to the liver.
T or F |
F
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Dendritic Cells
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Present antigens to the B cells
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M cells
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Take up antigens from the lumen and present to antigen-presenting cells
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T cells
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Educated to recognize and destroy antigens.
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mast cells
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Activated by IgE and release inflammatory chemicals.
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secretory IgA
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Produced by B cells, block microbial adherence in lumen.
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The pathology of which intestinal disorder is characterized by gut-brain axis abnormalities along with low-grade inflammation without tissue damage?
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irritable bowel disorder
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When we HYPERVENTILATE, pH goes ______, and pCO2 goes ______.
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UP; DOWN
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The kidney's regulation of acidosis includes all of the following, EXCEPT:
A) decrease carbonic acid B) excrete H+ ions C) retain bicarbonate D) form ammonium |
decrease carbonic acid
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Generally, the initial homeostatic adaptation to prevent trace mineral toxicity is to:
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down-regulate intestinal absorption.
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If you contract the flu and have diarrhea or vomiting, the result may be ______ dehydration.
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isotonic
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In the Dawson-Hughes et al study, higher excretion of potassium among elderly subjects was associated with greater:
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% lean mass.
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The most RAPID and first line of defense in acid base balance is:
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chemical buffering
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An accident victin with serious internal injuries was admitted to hospital, conscious and in extreme pain. Lab ABG values were: serum pH 7.47, pCO2 27 mmHg, HCO3- 19 mEq/L. What is the acid base disorder?
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respiratory alkalosis
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A first-time marathon participant with a history of untreated diabetes, collapsed halfway through the event. Lab ABG values were: serum pH 7.30, HCO3- 18 mEq/L; pCO2 26 mm Hg. What is the acid base disorder?
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metabolic acidosis
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In setting the most recent AI for TOTAL fluid intake, the IOM includes what sources?
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water, all other beverages including those with caffeine and alcohol, and food. |
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According to recent research studies, dysbiosis may play a role in which of the following intestinal disorders?
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A) inflammatory bowel disease
B) irritable bowel syndrome C) celiac disease |
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What is the overall acid base impact in modern populations due to the switch from an ancestral diet profile?
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low-grade metabolic acidosis
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Thirst is triggered when plasma osmolality declines by:
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2%
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Cerebrospinal fluid is an example of which major fluid type?
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'third space' (transcellular)
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How is sodium and potassium homeostasis maintained on a cellular level?
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Osmosis directs ions to either side of the cell membrane depending upon need.
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What is the correct term referring to the measure of sodium concentration per liter of blood plasma?
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osmolality
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Which factor could contribute to a SECONDARY nutrient deficiency?
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fad diet
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Diffusion of water through the water-permeable membrane of a cell refers to:
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osmosis
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Overhydration caused by psychiatric water intoxication can result in symptoms such as muscle cramps, nausea, dizziness, and can be fatal. Name the condition.
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hyponatremia
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What organ is the primary site of homeostatic control for both sodium and potassium?
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kidney
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Body fluid in the cell or in the bloodstream that has a higher concentration of solutes in proportion to fluid is called:
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hypertonic
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Considering the following contributors to the change in contemporary human acid base balance, what is the change almost entirely caused by?
A) too much meat B) not enough fruits and vegetables C) intake of grains D) intake of fats/oils and sugars |
not enough fruits and vegetables
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What does NOT occur in the event of water EXCESS?
A) ADH falls B) sympathetic nervous system stimulates water loss C) angiotensin II constricts blood vessels D) ANP promotes Na+ excretion |
angiotensin II constricts blood vessels
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Which of the following would indicate STAGE FOUR of nutrient deficiency, using iron as an example?
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anemia
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Which of the following would indicate STAGE ONE of nutrient deficiency, using ZINC as an example?
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reduced serum concentrations
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The main solute in ECF is ______, while the main solute in ICF is ______.
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Na+; K+
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You are counseling a patient who complains of ongoing gastric symptoms including pain. You suspect H. pylori infection and suggest getting a lab test to confirm. This is an example of what type of health-promoting intervention?
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secondary
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The most common cause of nutrient toxicity is:
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excessive supplementation.
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In the event of an acute dehydration event (e.g. prolonged hiking in hot, dry environment), high intake of which of the following beverages would trigger a renal response resulting in higher urine output and failure to quickly and completely rehydrate the person?
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pure water
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The highest insensible fluid losses are via:
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respiration
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Which statement is FALSE about the concept of nutrient balance?
A) The 'nutrient OUT' side of the equation typically refers only to urinary and fecal losses. B) There are special times when we are in either negative or positive nutrient balance. C) The 'nutrient IN side of the equation typically does not include internally synthesized nutrients. D) Nutrient balance accurately predicts nutrient status. |
Nutrient balance accurately predicts nutrient status.
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What is NOT a source of acid in the body?
A) methionine and cysteine B) carbon dioxide C) ketones D) glutamine |
glutamine
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Which of the following conditions is NOT related to an unhealthy sodium-potassium ratio?
A) colitis B) kidney stones C) osteoporosis D) hypertension |
colitis
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Which of the following pH imbalance disorders would be most likely if a person is in cardiac arrest?
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respiratory acidosis
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What is NOT a reason why the modern vs ancestral potassium-to-sodium ratio is so low?
A) higher processed food intake B) high oil and sugar intakes displace K+ foods C) low intake of fish and shellfish D) low intake of fruits and vegetables |
low intake of fish and shellfish
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In the event of water LOSS, changes detected in extracellular fluid, result in the release of ______ which specifically acts to retain Na+.
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aldosterone
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Which of the following is NOT specifically required for good gut health?
A) lower fat intake B) adequate Ca and vit D C) adequate fluid D) decreasing n-6 to n-3 ratio |
lower fat intake
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What is the best marker of daily Na+ or K+ daily intake?
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urine
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When dietary ZINC is low and absorption has been upregulated, the body's specific homeostatic response is then to raise blood zinc levels by:
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breaking down pancreatic enzymes.
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All of the following are adverse long term health effects specifically attributed to the marginal acid base imbalance of the modern diet, EXCEPT:
A) oxidative stress B) bone density loss C) renal insufficiency D) lean mass decline |
oxidative stress
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In the Konig et al article, the main result of the study was that mineral supplementation was associated with:
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an increase in blood and urinary pH.
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Which chemical buffer system is the most important intracellularly and plays a major role in urine pH?
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phosphate
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Intake of which of the following oils may be recommended to help reduce gut inflammation?
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fish oil
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What fatty acid has been found to substantially reduce proinflammatory eicosanoids, thus also plays a role in reducing gut inflammation?
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eicosapentaenoic (EPA)
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Which beverage is HYPOTONIC?
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pure water
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Which of the following plant foods are ACID-producing?
A) grains B) fruits C) legumes D) nuts |
grains
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John inadvertently fell out of his yacht and didn't know how to swim. Before he was saved, he swallowed loads of sea water. What type of overhydration was he treated for?
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hypertonic
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Sweat and breath play a major role in maintaining homeostasis for most nutrients.
T or F |
F
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Bases or alkaline sources are hydrogen donors and raise the concentration of H+ions in a solution.
T or F |
F
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The research behind the 8 x 8 rule for water intake rates as category 'A-B' evidence.
T or F |
F
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The UL for sodium set for people with hypertension is 1,500 mg/d.
T or F |
T
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Wilson's disease causes an excessive absorption and concentration of copper in body tissues.
T or F |
T
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Hyperkalemia, often occuring in diabetic ketoacidosis, is the shift of potassium into the bloodstream.
T or F |
F
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The amount of body water you have is linked to your kidney size and capacity.
T or F |
F
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High protein diets have an alkalinizing effect on pH balance.
T or F |
F
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If plasma concentration of sodium goes up, ADH goes down.
T or F |
F
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Acidosis can occur either when breathing is inadequate or when too much acid forms in the body.
T or F |
T
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The recommended upper level of sodium intake for healthy adults is 2.3 g/d
T or F |
T
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In terms of the primary disturbance or origin of acid base disorder, when serum bicarbonate is high or low, it signals a respiratory imbalance of acid base
T or F |
F
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According to the IOM, caffeine does not negatively affect hydration status in people who are accustomed to drinking caffeinated beverages
T or F |
T
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Crohn's disease results in major intestinal tissue damage due to the inflammatory response to wheat.
T or F |
F
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Research shows that all inflammatory bowel diseases are essentially caused by inadequate fiber intake.
T or F |
F
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The RDA is calculated to prevent nutrient deficiencies at the nutrient-specific, clinical stage.
T or F |
T
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Water intake will help detoxify the body.
T or F |
F
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