Ntr 241 Metabolism

Front 1

what is metabolism?

Back 1

the sum of all physical and chemical changes that occur in body tissues when food is converted from large molecules to small molecules.

Front 2

what is anabolism?

Back 2

the process of making new molecules from smaller ones.

Front 3

what is catabolism?

Back 3

the breakdown or degradation of large molecules to smaller molecules.

Front 4

what are coupled reations?

Back 4

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Front 5

what are the types of metabolic reactions?

Back 5

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Front 6

what is ATP?

Back 6

Atp Is an organic compound used as a high energy storage molecule

Front 7

list the Enzymes, Coenzymes and Cofactors that are metabolic pathways.

Back 7

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Front 8

what is glucose metabolis?

Back 8

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Front 9

what is glycolysis?

Back 9

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Front 10

whats the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA?

Back 10

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Front 11

explain the TCA cycle...

Back 11

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Front 12

Explain the Electrons transport chain...

Back 12

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Front 13

explain the conversion to lactate..

Back 13

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Front 14

what is lipid metabolism?

Back 14

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Front 15

what is lipolysis?

Back 15

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Front 16

what is fatty acid beta oxidation?

Back 16

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Front 17

what is ketosis?

Back 17

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Front 18

what is protein metabolism?

Back 18

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Front 19

what is proteolysis?

Back 19

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Front 20

what is deamination?

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Front 21

what is glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids?

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Front 22

Cofactors/coenzymes ... what are they?

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Front 23

explain fluid and electrolyte balance.

Back 23

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Front 24

what is body water distribution? ( fluid and electrolyte)

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Front 25

what is body fluid composition?

Back 25

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Front 26

what is electron function?

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Front 27

what controls the regulation of blood volume?

Back 27

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Front 28

what is oxydation?.

Back 28

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Front 29

describe free radical formation and antioxidant function...

Back 29

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Front 30

what are antioxidant enzymes?

Back 30

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Front 31

what are non-nutritive antioxidant bioactive compounds or phytochemicals? ( in general terms)

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Front 32

what are diseases related to oxidation?

Back 32

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Front 33

what is the name of the process by which the body can synthesize glucose from non-glucose subtrates?

Back 33

A) Glycogenesis B) Phosphorylation C) glycolysis D) gluconeogenesis

Front 34

How many b-oxidation cycle would b necessary to catabolize one moleculle of stearic acid (18c) to acety-CoA?

Back 34

A) 7 B) 8 cycles C) 9 cycles D) 10 cycles

Front 35

which of the following amino acids can be used to synthesize glucose?

Back 35

A) glucogenic amino acids B) ketogenic amino acids C) Branched- chain amino acids D) Essential amino acids

Front 36

which of the following statements are true regarding free radicals?

Back 36

A) Free radicals are naturally formed as a by product of metabolism. B) exposure to pollution decreases free radical production. C) Our body has no mechanism to combat free radicals D) Essential amino acids protect from free radical formed with cigarette smoking.

Front 37

Energy metabolism- for each of the following statements, indicate if they refer to glycolysis, the TCA cycle or the electron transport chain.

Back 37

A) Glycolysis B) TCA cycle C) Electron transport chain

Front 38

Energy Metabolism- Results in the formation of two molecules of pyruvate.

Back 38

A) glycolysis B) TCA cycle C) Electron transport chain

Front 39

Energy metabolism- Requires availability of oxaloacetate.

Back 39

A) glycolysis B) TCA cycle C) Electron transport chain

Front 40

Energy metabolism-results in the production of FADH2 and NADH.

Back 40

A) glycolysis B) TCA cycle C) Electron transport chain

Front 41

Energy Metabolism- process of ATP production through oxidatitve Phosphorylation.

Back 41

A) glycolysis B) TCA cycle C) Electron transport chain

Front 42

Energy Metabolism-Is an anaerobic process.

Back 42

A) glycolysis B) TCA cycle C) Electron transport chain

Front 43

Energy Metabolism- consists of eight metabolic reactions

Back 43

A) glycolysis B) TCA cycle C) Electron transport chain

Front 44

Energy Metabolism- One molecule of NADH results ATP

Back 44

A) glycolysis B) TCA cycle C) Electron transport chain

Front 45

Energy Metabolism- Does not take place in the mitochondria.

Back 45

A) glycolysis B) TCA cycle C) Electron transport chain

Front 46

Short answer- Explain the main difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions.

Back 46

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Front 47

Short answer- How many molecules of ATP do you get from a molecule of glucose? show your calculations

Back 47

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Front 48

what are two diseases associated with free radical formation?

Back 48

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Front 49

explain overview of glycolysis in steps...

Back 49

1. first stage of flucose oxidation, glucose is converted to pyruvate.
2. a seperate pathway provides for the regeneration of glucose via gluconeogenesis, which requires the input of ATP.
3. net production from glycolysis: two pyruvate molecules, two ATP, and two NADH+ H.

Front 50

what type of action occurs in Anaerobic conversion of pyruvate to lactate?

Back 50

in the absence of oxygen, the body converts pyruvate to lactate.

Front 51

what type of action occurs in Interconversion of lactate and glucose? (Cori cycle)

Back 51

After the anaerobic production and release of lactate by the muscle, when oxygen becomes available, liver converts lactate back to glucose. this process is known as Cori cycle.

Front 52

what type of action occurs when Aerobic conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?

Back 52

In the presence of oxygen, the body converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA. This reacion links the first and second stages of glucose oxidation. The two pyruvate molecules were generated from glucose through glycolysis.

Front 53

what is generated as a result of carbohydrates, fatty acid, amino acid, and alcohol metabolism?

Back 53

Acetyl CoA

Front 54

explain the TCA cycle...

Back 54

in the second stage of glucose oxidation, acetyl CoA enters the TCA cycle, resulting in the release of carbon dioxide, GTP ( ATP), and reduces coenzymes NADH and FADH2

Front 55

explain the electron transport chain...

Back 55

in the third and final stage of glucose oxidation, called oxidative phosphorylation, additional atp and water are produced as electrions from NADH and FADH2 and are passed from one carrier to the next along the electron transport chain.

Front 56

explain the conversion of glycerol to pyruvate...

Back 56

the glycerol derived from the catabolism of fatty acids is readily converted to pyruvate, which can be used for glucose synthesis or be converted to acetyl COA

Front 57

explain beta oxidation...

Back 57

fatty acids are sequentially broken down into two carbon segments that result in the formation of one additional acetyl CoA during each step of the process. a 16-carbon fatty acids yields 8 acetyl CoA units.