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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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An Autocrine is a chemical messenger that works on _______.
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the same Cell that releases it.
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Paracrines work on ________
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Different cells in the same tissue or organ.
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What hormones are Lipid Soluble
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Steroid Hormones and Nitric Oxide
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What Hormone increases both Serum Calcium and Phosphate?
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Calcitriol (Vitamin D)
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Why are steroid hormones not stored in Secretory vesicles?
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Because they are lipid soluble and would diffuse out of vesicles.
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Where is Calcitonin produced?
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by parafollicular cells (C Cells) of the Thyroid gland
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Where is Calcitriol Produced?
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It's precursor is Obtained from the diet or produced in the skin. It is activated in the kidney.
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Parathyroid Hormone produces what action?
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Increase in serum Calcium levels and a decrease in Phosphate levels.
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How can serum levels of Ca be increased?
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Increased Ca retention by kidneys. Increased Osteoclast activity. Increased absorption from GI tract.
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What events will increase Vitamin D production?
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Hypophosphatemia and PTH
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What hormone decreases serum Ca and PO4?
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Calcitonin
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What increases secretion of Calcitonin?
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High serum levels of CA, and maybe Gastrin.
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Where is calcitonin produced?
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Parafollicular cells of the Thyroid gland.
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Excess Vitamin D can cause what?
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Hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. kidneystones, decreased PTH, kidney stones, soft tissue calcification.
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What are the effects of Hypercalcemia?
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Decreased Neuromuscular excitability, decreased neuro transmission, Muscle weakness, Decreased Gi motility, arrhythmias, hypertension, Hypercalciuria, increased bone mass.
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What are the effects of Vitamin D deficiency?
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Rickets (children) Osteomalacia (adults), Decreased GI absorption of Ca,PO4, and Mg, Soft poorly mineralized bone.
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How do Calcium ions effect voltage sensitive Sodium Channels?
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High [Free Ca] decreases opening, decreases excitibility, neurotransmission, and causes weakness.
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What are the peptide hormones of Calcium and phosphate regulation?
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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and Calcitonin.
(Calcitriol is a Steroid hormone) |
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What does Orexigenic mean?
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Stimulate hunger.
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Which Melanocortin (MC) receptors are in the Hypothalamus?
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MC3 & MC4 (MC4 inhibits Feeding)
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Where are MC2 receptors located? What do they do?
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in the Adrenal Cortex, and they stimulate steroid hromone production in response to ACTH
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What is the effect of Leptin
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supres appetite.
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What is the effect of Resistin?
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Reduce insulin action
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What does Visfatin do?
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mimics insulin action
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What increases the production of Leptin and Resistin?
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Adipose tissue
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What does the Endocannabinoid system do?
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involved in control of food intake and energy balance.
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Why does Marijuana make you hungry?
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Because it activates the cannabindoid receptors.
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PPARS play a role in what cellular functions?
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Lipid metabolism, cell proliferation, differentiation, adipogenesis, and inflammatory singling.
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PPAR agonists can cause what effects?
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Increased Insulin sensitivity, and adiponectin levels, Decrease Blood levels of leptin and markers of inflammation. (side effect fluid retention)
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What organ regulates the wake sleep cycle?
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Hypothalamus
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Where is melatonin produced?
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Pineal gland
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When is clock most/least active?
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During light hours it is active, during dark it is inhibited by high CRY-PER levels
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When is melatonin release at it's peak?
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During REM sleep.
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What type of receptors are melatonin receptors?
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G-linked protein receptors.
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What is the lifetime pattern of day/night cycle?
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As babies we sleep and wake evenly (12 hours but intermittently until age 3) as we age we need less and less sleep.
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What hormones are produced in the thyroid gland?
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Thyroid hormones T3 and T4, and calcitonin.
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What TSH release stimulus is seen only in infants?
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Cold stimulus via neuroendocrine reflex.
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What stimulates and inhibits Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?
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Stimulated by Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). Inhibited by T3 (feedback inhibition).
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What is the action of TSH?
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stimulates Thyroid follicle cell growth, Cell division, and hormone production/release of T4 & T3.
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What type of receptor is TSH receptor?
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7 Transmembrane domain G protein. It activates adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C.
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What is a major requirement for synthesis of Thyroid hormones?
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Iodine.
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Release of T3 and T4 is stimulated by?
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the uptake and proteolytic digestion of Tg (thyroglobulin) by the follicle cells.
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Of T3 and T4 which is more active, and which is produced more?
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T4 is the major protein it is produced about 90% of the time. T3 is the more active hormone.
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What is the catalys for the coupling of iodide to tyrosines to form T3 and T4?
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Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO)
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What 2 types of Anti Thyroid drugs are there?
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Iodide transport inhibitors and inhibitors of thyroid hormone synthesis.
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How are Thyroid hormones transported through the body?
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they are released into the blood stream and transported via binding to proteins. Thyroxine-binding globulin is the major one.
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Once a thyroid hormone gets to a cell how does it get through the membrane?
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Through transporter channels, defect in MCT8 causes difficulty in TH transportation in certain cells (Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome)
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What is the effect of TH on Metabolic rate?
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Inc O2 and Fuel consumption, Heat production, Na-K ATPase, and number of Mitochondria.
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What are the Sympathomimetic effects of TH?
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Inc heart rate and contractility, increased Beta receptors, Increase GH, and GH effects.
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TH has a positive Regulation of what Cardiac expressions?
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Beta 1 receptors, Sodium potassium ATPase.
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What happens to the ED 50 for Epinephrine acting on the Heart in the presence of TH?
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ED 50 is lowered (part of the reason that Heart rate and contractility are increased with TH.
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Hypothyroidism symptoms are?
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includes Fatigue, difficulty concentrating, bradycardia, weight gain, dryskin, inc cholestorol, cold intolerance, constipation, Heavy menses
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Hyperthyroidism symptoms are?
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the opposite of Hypo.
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What is the main Cause of Hyperthroidism?
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Graves disease, Antibodies (TSI) attach to TSH receptors and mimic the effects.
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A patient with Graves disease has elevated blood levels of TH and TSI, what would you expect the level of their TSH to be?
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Very low because The TSI is acting on the TSH receptors increasing TH which inhibits release of TSH.
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A patient has High levels of TH, and low levels of TSH, what is a likely cause?
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Graves Disease.
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A patient has low levels of TH and high levels of TSH What is a likely cause?
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Low Iodine, Hashimotos disease.
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A patient has low levels of TH and TSH What is a likely cause?
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Petuitary Tumor causing a decrease in TSH, causing a decrease in TH production.
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After removal of a Pituitary tumor what replacement hormone will they need?
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TH, TSH is just to release TH, but you can replace TH directly.
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What hormones are produced by the Posterior pituitary?
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Growth Hormone, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, ACTH, LH, FSH, Prolactin
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What Hormones are produced by the Posterior pituitary?
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Vasopression, and Oxytocin.
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What stimulates the release of Vasopressin?
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High ECF osmolarity, Low ECF volume, Low BP, and Angiotensin II.
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ANP does what?
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Inhibits the release of ADH (Vasopressin).
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ADH acts on what receptors in the kidney to achieve what action?
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V2 Receptors (G-Protein)- increases Adenylate Cyclase - Increases cAMP = Increase in Water reabsorption.
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What does ADH act on and do to Vascular Smooth muscle?
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V1 Receptor - G Ptrotein - Phospholipase C - DAG + IP3 = vasoconstriction.
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What is the difference between Neurogenic and nephrogenic?
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Neurogenic means it is not released.
Nephrogenic means there is no response. |
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What Stimulates secretion of Oxytocin?
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Stretching of the birth Canal, Suckling, Orgasm.
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What inhibits Oxytocin release?
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Stress
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What is the action of Oxytocin?
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Uterine smooth muscle contractions, Milk ejection, Smooth muscle contraction during sex (both sexes).
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Where are each type of Glucose transporters located?
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Glut-1 Most cells
Glut-2 Liver, kidney, B cells Glut-4 Increased by insulin in adipocytes and muscle cells. |
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What does exercise do to glut-4 receptors?
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Increases the number of Glut-4 receptors.
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How does Glucose move into liver cells?
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Through Facilitated Diffusion, as soon as it enters it is converted to G6P by Glut-2. Insulin increases Glut-2 activity.
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Insulin increases what?
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glucose and amino acid uptake by cells, increased glucose utilization and the formation of glycogen and triglycerides.
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Why can fats be stored and glycongen can't?
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Fats are not osmotically active, glycogen is if glycogen were stored our cells would swell and burst.
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What hormones keep Glucose levels steady for the brain during fasting?
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glucagon, Epinephrine, cortisol, GH
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Glucagon is made where?
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In the Alpha cells of the Pancreas.
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GLP-1 does what?
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Stimulates Insulin release and inhibits Glucagon release and appetite. (treats type 2 diabetics)
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how is GLP-1 and Incretin inactivated?
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by DPP-4 enzymes. There are DPP-4 inhibitors on the market.
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Glucagon is stimulated by?
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Low blood sugar, amino acids, stress & execise, GI Hormones CCK, GIP, Gastrin, parasympathetic innervation, Sympathetic innervation (B2 receptor stimulation).
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glucagon release is inhibit by?
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High glucose, Carbohydrates, free fatty acids, and ketoacids, Insulin, Somatostatin, GI hormones GLP-1 & secretin
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What is the action of Glucagon?
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G protein receptor activates Adenylate cyclase, Most effects are cAMP second messenger systems, ...
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What does Insulin increase?
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Glycogenesis, Protein synthesis, lipogenesis, Glycolysis.
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What does Glucagon increase?
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Glycogenolysys, Protein degradation, lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, and ketogenesis.
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What is the relationship between Insulin and Glucagon.
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they have opposite effects, and inverse relationship.
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What is the bifunctional liver enzyme, how is it regulated?
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an enzyme that changes its action depending on phosphorylation. It has 1 action if phosphoralated by Glucagon, opposite action when unphosphorylated by insulin.
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What is the effect of Somatostatin?
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it inhibits both Insulin and Glucagon.
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What things can increase glucagon and decrease insulin levels?
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Fast, Stress, Exercise.
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Things stimulated by Glucagon are _____ by epinephrine.
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Stimulated.
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What are the 3 p's of diabetes Mellitus?
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polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia.
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What are symptoms of only Type 1 diabetes?
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Weight loss, and Ketoacidosis.
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What is the difference between type 1 and 2 diabetes?
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Type 1 little or no insulin, type 2 Normal or high insulin,
type 2 is more common, and happens in adults. |
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Normal level of fasting plasma glucose levels are....
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70 - 100 mg/dL
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Hyperinsulinemia can cause what?
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Acanthosis nigricans - Darkening of skin especially near joints, neck.
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what are long term effects of Hyperglycemia?
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Retinopathies, Angiopathies, Neuropathies, nephropathies, and non retnal vidual problems
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What do Sulfonylureas do?
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increase insulin release from beta cells. Ex. Gliburide, Blipizide
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What does Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor do?
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Inhibits GIP-1
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What is Hypoglycemia?
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Low blood glucose, can be caused by insulin overdose.
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how does the CNS respond to Hypoglycemia?
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Release of epinephrine, Palpitations, sweating, tremors, hunger, and anxiety. Also Glucagon, cortisol, and growth hormone release.
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MWF, 48, Palpitations, sweating, tremors, and anxiety; constant hunger, and weight gain/ confusion and increased anxiety without food.
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hypoglycemia.
Possibly caused by Beta cell Tumor. Treatment: insulin decrease until tumor can be removed. |
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What are normal levels of Glucose
Insulin C-peptide glucagon? |
Glucose 70-100 mg/dL
insulin 0-22 c-peptide 1.1-5 Glucagon 40-130 |
