Nsp Week 2: Limbic System (Blair)

Front 1

Give some examples of primary motivations

Back 1

1. Feeding and drinking
2. Fighting and fleeing
3. Temperature regulation
4. Sex

Front 2

List the structures included in the Broca's limbic lobe

Back 2

1. Olfactory bulb and tract
2. Cingulate gyrus
3. Parahippocampal gyrus (including uncus)
4. Hippocampal formation (hippocampus and dentate gyrus)

Front 3

List the 4 major structures involved in the Papez circuit.

Which of these structures is currently thought to be involved in emotional processing?

What are the other structures now thought to be involved with?

Back 3

1. Cingulate cortex
2. Hippocampus
3. Mammillary body (part of hypothalamus)
4. Anterior nucleus of thalamus
5. Back to cingulate cortex

*Currently, only the cingulate cortex is generally considered to be involved directly in emotional processing

*The other structures are involved in the formation of declarative memories

Front 4

Which region is, in essence, the "primary cortex" for emotions?

Back 4

Cingulate cortex
(controls motor movements associated with motions-- laughing, crying)

Front 5

The hippocampus projects via the fornix to which structure?

Back 5

Mammillary body
(part of the hypothalamus)

Front 6

What structure connects the cingulate cortex with the hippocampus?

Back 6

Cingulum

Front 7

Information from the anterior nucleus of the thalamus projects to the cingulate cortex through which structure?

Back 7

Internal capsule

Front 8

Which structures are non-functional in Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

Back 8

1. Amygdala
2. Most of hippocampal formation
3. Temporal cortex

*Proves that the temporal cortex is involved in emotions

Front 9

List the 5 behavior deficits associated with Kluver-Bucy syndrome

Back 9

1. Visual agnosia ("psychic blindness")
2. Increased oral tendencies
3. Increased seeking behavior
4. Hypersexuality
5. Docile (neutral emotions)

Front 10

What is the function of the amygdala?

Back 10

Attaching emotional significance to events

Front 11

Which structures are responsible for experiencing emotions?

Back 11

1. Orbital and medial prefrontal cortex
2. Anterior cingulate cortex

Front 12

List the 7 structures currently thought to be "limbic structures," with direct emotional involvement

Back 12

1. Anterior cingulate cortex
2. Amygdala
3. Orbital and medial prefrontal cortex
4. Hypothalamus
5. Ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens)
6. Mediodorsal thalamic nucleus
7. Insula

Front 13

Emotional expression (e.g., the autonomic responses to emotions) is a primary function of which structure?

Back 13

Hypothalamus

Front 14

Which structure helps select the appropriate behavior for a situation?

Back 14

Ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens)

Front 15

Which structures is important for integrating sensory inputs from both the external and internal environments with motor (autonomic and somatic) outputs

Back 15

Insula

Front 16

The limbic system sends integrated information to which 3 general areas of the brain?

Back 16

1. Frontal cortex (for thoughts, planning)
2. Memoery system
3. Motor systems (responses to stimuli)

Front 17

Why do voluntary smiles not look as genuine as a smile in response to a joke?

Back 17

You cannot voluntarily contract your orbicularis oculi muscles-- they only contract during genuine emotion

Front 18

Describe the different functions of the corticobulbar and emotional motor system in voluntary/involuntary smiling.

Back 18

Emotional motor system --> involuntary/ emotional smiling
Corticospinal tract --> voluntary smiling

Front 19

Recent evidence shows that the corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts probably descend through which portions of the internal capsule?

Back 19

Corticobulbar (emotional smiling) --> anterior limb of internal capsule
Corticospinal (voluntary smiling) --> posterior limb of internal capsule

Front 20

The classic stroke that damages the posterior limb and genu of the internal capsule could have what effect on smiling?

Back 20

Patient cannot smile voluntarily, but can smile in response to an emotion

The corticobulbar tract through the posterior limb of the internal capsule, so voluntary smiling will be affected.
The emotional motor system sends fibers through the anterior limb of the internal capsule, which is preserved, so emotional smiling will still be possible

Front 21

Does the portion of the facial nucleus that innervates the upper portion of the face receive bilateral or contralateral input?

What about to the lower part of the face?

Back 21

Upper part --> bilateral
(input comes from supplementary and limbic motor cortices--> descending fibers through ANTERIOR limb of internal capsule --> bilateral input to facial nucleus)

Lower part --> contralateral
(input comes from face region of primary motor cortex--> fibers descend through POSTERIOR limb of internal capsule)

*Upper and lower face are controlled by separate cortices that descend through separate regions of the internal capsule

Front 22

Describe the different functions of the medial and lateral components of the emotional motor system

Back 22

Medial --> Alter the excitability of target neurons ("setting the gain"), initiate rhythmical movements and some spinal reflexes

Lateral --> controls actual emotional behaviors, such as facial expressions

Front 23

Where are cell bodies of the medial component of the emotional motor system located?

Back 23

1. Medial hypothalamus
2. Mibrain

Front 24

Where are cell bodies of the lateral component of the emotional motor system located?

Back 24

1. Amygdala (central nucleus)
2. Stria terminalis (bed nucleus)
3. Lateral hypothalamus

Front 25

The medial portion of the hypothalamus contains cell bodies of the _______ component of the emotional motor system, while the lateral portion of the hypothalamus contains cell bodies of the ________ component

Back 25

Medial hypothalamus --> medial component (alters excitability of neurons)
Lateral hypothalamus --> lateral component (controls actual emotional behaviors)

Front 26

List the 3 classes of amygdala nuclei

Back 26

1. Corticomedial group
2. Basolateral group
3. Central group

Front 27

Which group of amygdala nuclei receive input from and send output primarily to the olfactory and bulb and anterior olfactory nucleus, and contribute to olfactory function?

Back 27

Corticomedial group

Front 28

Which amygdala nuclei is involved in autonomic function?

Back 28

Central group

Front 29

Which amygdala nucleus provides most of the output from the amygdala as a whole, and provides all output from the amygdala that reaches the brainstem?

Back 29

Central group

Front 30

Which amygdala nuclei are involved in deciding on the appropriate course of action in response to emotional events, establishing associations among sensory events and their reward values, and memory consolidation and recall?

Back 30

Basolateral group

Front 31

The amygdala connects to the hypothalamus and septal area via which fiber bundle?

Back 31

Stria terminalis

Front 32

The amygdala connects to diencephalic and some cortical targets via which fiber bundle?

Back 32

Ventral amygdalofugal pathway

Front 33

The amygdala connects to the brainstem via which fiber bundle?

Back 33

Medial forebrain bundle

Front 34

Damage to which structure produces an emotionally flat individual?

Back 34

Amygdala

Front 35

What are the four major reward areas or pleasure centers?

Which major fiber tract interconnects these areas?

Back 35

1. Dorsal pons
2. Ventral tegmental area
3. Lateral hypothalamus
4. Septal area

*Medial forebrain bundle

Front 36

List the 5 major cortical regions that project to the basal ganglia

Back 36

1. Medial prefrontal cortex
2. Orbital cortex
3. Anterior cingulate cortex
4. Amygdala
5. Hippocampus

Front 37

The cortical regions project to which portion of the basal ganglia? What is the major component of this portion?

Back 37

Ventral striatum

*Nucleus accumbens

Front 38

Medium spiny neurons in the ventral striatum project to the ______, which is equivalent in structure and function to the globus pallidus

Back 38

Ventral pallidum

Front 39

Which structure is the thalamic is part of the basal ganglia circuitry and is the relay nucleus for the limbic circuit?

Back 39

Dorsomedial nucleus

Front 40

In the limbic circuit, the ventral tegmental area projects to which structure? What NT does it release?

Back 40

Projects to the ventral striatum (basal ganglia)

*Releases dopamine

Front 41

What is the most important NT related to the reward centers and the basal ganglia circuitry?

Back 41

Dopamine

Front 42

Drugs used to treat psychic disorders affect neurotransmission of which NTs?

Back 42

1. Dopamine
2. Norepinephrine
3. Serotonin