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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Aerobic exercise
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exercise performed predominantly in the presence of oxygen when the oxidative metabolic pathways are the predominant source of energy production
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Anaerobic exercise
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exercise performed primarily in the absence of oxygen when the anaerobic metabolic pathways are the predominant source of energy production
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Aerobic metabolism
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catabolism of energy substrate with the utilization of oxygen; energy transfer resulting from involvement of glycolysis, beta oxidation, Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport System
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Anaerobic metabolism
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catabolism of energy substrates without the utilization of oxygen
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Anaerobic threshold
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the last oxygen uptake rate (VO2) value fitting the linear trend when expired ventilation rate or lactic acid is plotted against VO2 or workload; anaerobic threshold represents the transition from predominantly aerobic metabolism to predominantly anaerobic metabolism during increasing workloads; may be expressed in either liters per minute (L/min) or milliliters per kilogram of body weight per minute (ml/kg/min)
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a-vO2 difference
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the amount of oxygen extracted from the blood by the tissues of the body, calculated as arterial oxygen content minus venous oxygen content expressed in milliliters of oxygen per deciliter of blood
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Axon
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process of a neuron that carries impulses away from the cell body
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Anatomical Position
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position in which a person stands erect with arms down at the sides and palms forward
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Angina
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a pain in the chest related to reduced coronary circulation that may or may not involve heart or artery disease
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Angular Velocity
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an object's rotational speed
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Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
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the number of calories expended at rest, usually after an overnight fast; based on age, weight, height, and gender
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Biological value
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an expression of protein quality; it is a measure of the nitrogen of a protein that is retained by the body compared to that which as absorbed
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Blood pressure
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the pressure exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels
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Cholesterol
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a fat that can be synthesized by the liver or ingested in the diet from animal fat; a precursor of various steroid hormones and used in the biosynthesis of cell membranes
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Circumference assessment
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measurement of selected body girths
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Collagen
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the main constituent of most connective tissues
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Connective tissue
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the tissue that binds together and supports various structure of the body
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Creatine phosphate (CP)
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a high-energy phosphate molecule that is stored in cells and can be used to resynthesize ATP immediately
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Carbon dioxide production rate (VCO2)
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the amount of carbon dioxide produced by the body per minute; typically expressed in liters per minute (L/min)
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Core exercise
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an exercise that is a 1) multi-joint exercise;
2) involves larger muscle groups (e.g., chest, hip/thigh, and shoulders); and 3) can safely and effectively be used in a 1RM-testing situation |
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Cardiorespiratory endurance
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the ability of the lungs and heart to take in and transport adequate amounts of oxygen to the working muscles, allowing activities that involve large muscle masses to be performed over long periods of time
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Circuit weight training
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selected weight training exercises performed consecutively in an exercise sequence usually utilizing light resistances (40-60% of 1RM) and short rest periods
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Compound set
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performing two consecutive exercises (with minimal rest, if any) that stress the same muscle group (e.g., barbell biceps curl and dumbbell biceps curl)
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Contract
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a legally binding agreement; it can be an agreement stating services, fees and other pertinent information regarding the personal trainer/client relationship; it should be in writing and signed by the participant and the personal trainer; it also may clearly state the exercise goals to be achieved over a given period of time (be careful, this may be a warranty)
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Documentation file
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documents all safety procedures, emergencies, accidents, injuries, modifications to the facility and its equipment, and rationale for specific methods of instruction
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Dietary Guidelines for Americans
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seven recommendations issued by the U.S. Department of Agriculture that outline dietary principles thought to help prevent disease
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Dendrite
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portion of a neuron that carries impulses toward the cell body
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Diabetes mellitus
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a metabolic disorder characterized by an inability to oxidize carbohydrates because of inadequate insulin (type 1) or a resistance to insulin (type 2)
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Dynamometer
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a device that is used to measure static force to assess muscular strength
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Ergometer
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an instrument used to measure work and power output
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Energy (caloric) balance
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energy input (calories consumed) = energy output (calories burned)
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Food guide pyramid
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a tool designed to show the food choices that would help individuals achieve the dietary guidelines
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End-systolic volume (ESV)
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volume of blood in the ventricles after contraction; typically expressed in milliliters (ml)
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Expiratory reserve volume
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volume of air that can be additionally expired from normal end expiration
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Energy
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the potential to do work and activity; measured by calories derived from carbohydrates, fat or protein
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Ergometry
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measurement of work and power; using standardized equipment to measure work and power during exercise
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Forced expiratory volumes
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volumes of air that can be expired per unit of time
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Family history
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a review of the major health problems found in a person’s grandparents, parents, uncles, aunts and siblings
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Foreseeable
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the reasonable anticipation that harm or injury is a likely result of acts or omissions
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Government immunity
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when governmental units are immune from tort actions by law
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Goal repetitions
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the number repetitions a client is assigned to perform for an exercise
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Heart rate
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the number of ventricular contractions per minute; typically expressed in beats per minute (bpm)
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Hemoglobin
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a relatively large molecule found in red blood cells consisting of four heme (iron) groups attached to globin (protein); oxygen is transported by hemoglobin in the blood
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Health history
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information about a person’s past health record
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Informed consent
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a procedure used to obtain a person’s voluntary permission to participate in a program
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Inspiratory capacity
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maximal volume of air that can be additionally inspired from normal end inspiration
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Inherent risk
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those risks that exist under normal circumstances in a safe environment; the participant in an activity must understand and appreciate the risks of the activity following explanation by qualified personnel
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Intensity of exercise
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the percent of maximal heart rate, heart rate reserve, or maximal oxygen uptake rate that is being performed during exercise
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Joint receptors
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found in tendons, ligaments, bone, muscle and joint capsules where they provide sensory information such as joint angle, acceleration at the joint and degree of deformation brought about by pressure
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Ligament
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a connective tissue that connects two bones
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Liability
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a duty, responsibility or obligation
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Liability insurance
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an insurance policy protecting the personal trainer from liability
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Medical authorization
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a document granting the personal trainer access to private medical information of the client
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Medical release
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a document stating that a client has medical permission to participate in an event
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Maximal tests
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tests that continue until a person has reached a maximal level or voluntary exhaustion
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Medical history
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a person’s previous health (e.g., problems, signs and characteristics)
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Multi-joint exercise
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an exercise involving two or more (different) joints changing angles during the execution of a repetition
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Minute ventilation
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the amount of air inspired (inspired ventilation rate) or expired (expired ventilation rate) per minute; typically expressed in liters per minute (L/min)
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Motor neuron
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large myelinated motor neurons that innervate extrafusal muscle fibers
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Myoglobin
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intracellularly transports oxygen from the blood to the mitochondria for oxidative metabolism
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Neuron
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a nerve cell
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Neurotransmitter
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chemical substance that is released from the pre-synaptic axon terminal; diffuses across the synaptic cleft and initiates an action potential in the post-synaptic membrane
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Node of Ranvier
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portion of a myelinated (lipid and protein covering) axon that is not covered by myelin sheath; important for saltatory conduction as impulse “jumps” from one Node of Ranvier to the next allowing for fast nerve impulse conduction
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Oxygen uptake rate (VO2)—
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the amount of oxygen consumed by the body per minute; may be expressed in either liters per minute (L/min) or milliliters per kilogram of body weight per minute (ml/kg/min)
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Objectivity
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the degree to which multiple scorers agree on the magnitude of scores
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Overload principle
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to stress the muscular, ligamentous, tendinous and skeletal systems at a level greater than what they are typically accustomed
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Priority training
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to first perform/complete the mode or exercise that is most important or specific to the desired goal, session, season, or sport
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Prime mover
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the predominant muscle/muscle group that is responsible for creating body movement during an exercise
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Palpation
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examination by touch (e.g., determining heart rate by feeling the pulse at the wrist)
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Percent fat
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the percentage of the total body weight that is fat tissue
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Primary assessment
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a rapid examination of life-threatening circumstances
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Product liability
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the responsibility of a product’s manufacturer for the quality of the product
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Physician referral
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a recommendation that a person obtain medical attention, tests or an opinion about a characteristic, symptom or a test result to determine if medical treatment is needed, and/or to determine whether it is safe to participate in specified activities
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Pre-synaptic membrane
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the membrane proximal to a synapse
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Post-Synaptic Membrane
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the membrane distal to a synapse
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Pulmonary Diffusion Capacity
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the diffusion capacity between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
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Risk factor
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a characteristic, sign, symptom or assessment score that is associated with an increased probability of developing a health-related problem
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Residual volume
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volume of air remaining in the lungs following maximal expiration
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Reasonable behavior
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a legal duty imposing on all persons the duty to act as a reasonable, prudent person in a similar situation would act; injuries caused by a failure to act in such a manner is considered grounds for a negligence lawsuit
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Release
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a legal document whereby a person gives up their right to sue; is given different effects in different states
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Thermoregulation
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the body’s ability to maintain a temperature consistent with optimal cell functions
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Statute of limitations
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a legal barrier to filling a lawsuit to the time that has elapsed since the date of injury (varies by state – often two years)
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Specialized client
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a client who requires additional, unique attention to program design (e.g., a client training for a specific competitive event, a hypertensive client who has exercise limitations, etc.)
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Split programs
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to increase training frequency by dividing the exercises and/or muscle groups over a greater number of sessions
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Skinfold
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a measurement to determine body composition by which calipers are used to measure the thickness of subcutaneous fat
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Total cholesterol: HDL ratio
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the ratio between the total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein
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Tendon
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strong, fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
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Sarcolemma
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muscle cell membrane
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Sarcoplasm
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cytoplasm of muscle cell; site of anaerobic metabolism; contains myoglobin, fat, glycogen, Creatine phosphate (CP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), mitochondria (site of cellular oxidation or aerobic metabolism; powerhouse of cell) and hundreds of myofibrils (threadlike protein strands)
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Soma
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cell body of a neuron
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Synapse
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the point of contact where nerve impulses are transmitted from one neuron to another
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Synaptic cleft
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gap between pre- and post-synaptic membranes
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Synaptic vesicles
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vesicles in the axon terminal where acetylcholine is stored
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Safety space cushion
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the recommended area between each piece of equipment that increases traffic flow in, out of, and around the exercise facility
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Total lung volume
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volume of air in the lungs following maximal inspiration (i.e., vital capacity plus residual volume)
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Vital capacity
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maximal volume of air expired following maximal inspiration (i.e., maximal volume of air inspired and expired in a single breath)
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Ventilatory threshold
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significant increase or breakaway in ventilation rate (i.e., hyperventilatory response) during exercise when workloads are increasing
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Voluntary dehydration
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the phenomenon whereby humans do not fully rehydrate when offered as much water as desired during times of physical stress
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Warranty
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statements of promises guaranteeing a certain result
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