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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is derived from the original prosencephalon / forebrain?
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The telencephalon & diencephalon.
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What does the telencephalon give rise to?
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Paired cerebral hemispheres
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What do the cerebral hemispheres consist of?
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Cerebral cortex, corpus striatum & medullary center.
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What is the cerebral cortex?
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Outer layer of gray matter. Sulci & gyri are here. Some deep sulci = fissures.
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What is the corpus striatum?
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series of nuclei w/in telencephalon.
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What are the nuclei within the corpus striatum? Together they are called? What are they good for?
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Caudate, putamen & globus pallidus. Together they are called the basal ganglia. MOTOR CONTROL.
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What is the medullary center?
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Large mass of white matter w/in cerebral hemispheres that carries information to/from cerebral cortex, corpus striatum, thalamus etc. Info from one side to the other via corpus callosum.
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How do the lateral ventricles communicate with each other?
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Via the interventricular foramina (of Monro)
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What are the 4 parts the diencephalon develops into?
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Thalamus. Hypothalamus. Epithalamus. Subthalamus.
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What are clues to seeing the hypothalamus?
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mammillary bodies
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What makes up the brain stem? Where is it?
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It is in the posterior fossa below the tentorium. Midbrain, pons, medulla.
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What is the only derivative of the mesencephalon?
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Midbrain
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What is part of the midbrain?
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Cerebral aquaduct (of Sylvius)
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What does the cerebral aquaduct do?
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connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles
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What are other characteristic features of the midbrain?
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Tectum has colliculi.
Tegmentum Cerebral crura - 2 large fiber bundles --carry info from cerebral cortex to the brain stem and spinal cord |
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What does the rhombencephalon / hindbrain develop into?
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Metencephalon & Myenchephalon...both surround the 4th ventricle.
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What comes from the metencephalon?
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Pons & Cerebellum
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What does the cerebellum do?
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Coordinates complex motor function. Works subconsciously
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What is derived from the myelencephalon?
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Medulla
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What structures are supratentorial?
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Telencephalon & Diencephalon
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What delimits the rostral boundary between the diencephalon & the telencephalon?
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Draw a line from interventricular foramen (of Monro) and the optic chiasm.
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Boundary between the mesencephalon & diencephalon?
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Draw a line between posterior commissure and the mamillary bodies
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What / where is 3rd ventricle?
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Narrow slit in midline bxt 2 halves of diencephalon.
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How does the 3rd ventricle communicate?
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By the interventricular foramina (of Monro)
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What forms the rostral wall of the 3rd ventricle?
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the Lamina terminalis
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What lies w/in the transverse cerebral fissure?
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The tentorium.
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• Longitudinal cerebral fissure
• Central cerebral fissure (of Rolando) • Lateral cerebral sulcus (of Sylvius) |
long - separates 2 hemispheres
central - in bxt frontal & parietal lateral - bxt temporal & frontal and parietal |
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• Lateral cerebral sulcus (of Sylvius)
o Anterior ramus o Ascending ramus o Posterior ramus |
ant - rostrally & horizontally
asc - dorsally into inferior frontal ramus pos - remaining...separates the parietal and temporal lobes |
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how can you id the precentral gyrus?
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the first gyrus from the frontal pole backward that is oriented in a dorsal to ventral direction rather than a/p
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How is the boundary of the occipital lobe defined?
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draw a line from preoccipital notch to the parieto-occipital sulcus
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what part of the frontal lobe helps with motor mechanisms of speech? and what else is this area called?
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The triangular and opercular portions of the inferior frontal gyrus. Broca's area.
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what part of the frontal lobe is imp for primary motor cortex...mvmts of contralateral body parts?
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the precentral gyrus
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What part of the Parietal lobe is involved in the primary sensory cortex where info from contralateral body parts mingles?
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Post central gyrus
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What is the inferior parietal lobule important for?
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Interpretation and understanding sensory information - like language.
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Why can't we see the transverse temporal gyri? what else are they called? what do they do?
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hidden in lateral sulcus/fissure. aka Heschl's convolusions. Is the primary auditory cortex.
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where is the insula? what else is it called?
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cortex that is buried underneath the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. aka Island of Reil
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How can you locate the primary visual cortex?
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'on the banks' of the calcarine fissure (which is inbetween the cuneus & lingual gyri). Mostly on medial surface of occipital lobe.
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Where is the lamina terminalis? What does it represent?
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Between the anterior commissure and the anterior border of the optic chiasm.
represents the original most rostral aspect of the prosencephalon -- before the telencephalon proliferated and grew over and around the diencephalon, etc. |
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What is a commisure?
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a structure that links opposite sides of the brain.
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What is the function of the corpus callosum?
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has myelinated nerve fibers that interconnects the two hemispheres - allows information transfer between the 2 sides of the brain.
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Where is the cingulate gyrus found?
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above the corpus callosum
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Where is the callosal sulcus?
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Between the corpus callosum and the cingulate gyrus
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How is the cingulate sulcus defined?
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It separates the cingulate gyrus from the superior frontal gyrus. Also makes the posterior boundary of the paracentral lobule.
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What forms the paracentral lobule? What is its function?
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Is formed from the precentral and postcentral gyri ans they extend onto the medial surface.
includes the somatosensory (motor and sensory) representation for the lower extremities |
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What does the parieto-occipital sulcus delineate?
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Separates the occipital and parietal lobes.
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Where is the precuneus?
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between the paracentral lobule and the parieto-occipital sulcus
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What does the calcarine sulcus divide?
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Divides the occipital lobe into the cuneus & lingual gyrus.
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In the occipital lobe...what types of visual cortexes are found where?
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Upper visual field on lingual gyrus
Lower visual field on cuneus. |
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Where is the gyrus rectus?
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Inferior surface - medial to olfactory sulcus
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What does the olfactory sulcus demarcate?
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marks the position of the olfactory bulb and tract on the orbital surface of the frontal lobe
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Where is the primary olfactory cortex? What is in it?
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Is in the anterior portion of the parahippocampal gyrus & uncus. Temporal lobe.
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Where is the anterior perforated substance? How does it get its name?
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Caudal to the olfactory stria. 'perforated' by blood vessels entering the brain
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What is the Limbic System important for?
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Emotional and behavioral responses to stimuli.
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What connects the cingulate gyrus to the parahippocampal gyrus?
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Isthmus of the cingulate gyrus which is posterior to the splenium of the corpus callosum.
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What is the uncus?
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Most anterior aspect of the parahippocampal gyrus
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What is the largest mass of white matter inside the cerebral hemisphere?
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Medullary Center
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What are commissural fibers? BIg example?
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Connect comparable areas of the cortex on the 2 sides of the brain. corpus callosum is ex.
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What are projection fibers? Ex?
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Connect the cerebral cortex and subcortical areas. Internal Capsule
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Where can you find the fornix?
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Origin in the hippocampus and terminates in a number of structures including the mammillary bodies.
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What are 3 important functional areas of the cerebral cortex?
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---Post central gyrus: Primary somatic sensory cortex: brings to consciousness the senses of touch, pressure, position sense, pain and temperature.
---Pre-central gyrus: Primary motor cortex: controls fine, highly skilled “voluntary” movements ---Broca’s area (part of the left inferior frontal gyrus) is important to the formulation of speech |
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What is the parahippocampal gyrus responsible for?
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Olfactory function (rostral aspect)
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What is the hippocampus for? Where is it?
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Learning & Memory. Rolled up inside the parahippocampal gyrus.
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What is the ventricular system?
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CSF filled spaces inside the brain.
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What are the anatomical boundaries of the thalamus?
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Stria medullaris thalami (dorsally) & hypothalamic sulcus (ventrally)
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What does the interthalamic adhesion do?
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Connects the 2 halves of the thalamus across the space of the 3rd ventricle in about 80% of specimens.
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What is the function of the thalamus?
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Relays sensory info from peripheral sensory receptors to the cerebral cortex.
Controls electrocortical activity of the cerebral cortex Integrates motor function thru connections w/ cerebellum, basal ganglia and motor cerebral cortex. |
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What is the main job of the hypothalamus?
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Controls visceral functions through the endocrine system and the ANS.
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What is the function of the posterior commissure?
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Route for nerve fibers to cross the midline.
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Where is subthalamus? What does it do?
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Ventral to the (dorsal) thalamus and lateral to the hypothalamus. For motor function.
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