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48 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the normal pulse ranges for adults, children, and infants, respectively?
Adults 60 to 100

Children 70 to 150

Infants 100 to 160
What are the normal systolic blood pressure ranges for adults, children, and infants, respectively?
Adults 90 - 140

Children 80 - 110

Infants 50-95
What is the order of preference among devices/techniques for providing artificial ventilation?
1) pocket mask
2) two-person bag-valve mask
3) flow-restricted O2 device
4) one-person bag-valve mask
How much blood is there, on average, in an adult, child, or infant, respectively?
Adult - 5 to 6 liters

Child - 2 to 3 liters

Infant 300 milliliters
What is indicated by pupils that are constricted, blown-out, or unequal in size, respectively?
constricted or pinpoint - opiates

blown-out - intracranial bleeding

unequal - stroke?
What problems may be indicated by an altered level of consciousness?
• inadequate perfusion
• inadequate oxygenation
• chemical or neurological problem
• medications
• drugs
• alcohol
• poisoning
A patient with chronic altered consciousness is usually suffering from what condition?
hypoglycemia
What does the root "tachy" mean?
rapid

tachycardia = rapid pulse
tachypnea = rapid breathing
What does the root "brady" mean?
slow

bradycardia = slow pulse
What does the root "nea" mean?
Breathing

dyspnea = slow breathing
tachypnea = rapid breathing
apnea = not breathing
What is tachycardia, in terms of rate?
pulse rate faster than 100 beats per minute in an adult
What is bradycardia, in terms of rate?
pulse less than 60 beats per minute in an adult
What are the four phases of a coordinated continuum of care?
1) Recognition of emergency - EMS initiated (includes care by dispatchers via protocols)
2) Patient assessment, prehospital care, packaging, and transport
3) Assessment and stabilization in ER
4) Definitive, specialized care
What do rales or crackles sound like? What might these breath sounds indicate?
A moist crackling on both inhalation and exhalation. These wet breath sounds may indicate cardiac failure.
What does wheezing indicate?
A high-pitched sound on expiration may indicate an obstruction of the lower airway
What does rhonci sound like? What does this breath sound indicate?
Rhonci is a congested, low-pitched, noisy sound, more prominent during exhalation; it comes from mucus in the lungs and may indicate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
What does stridor sound like? What might this breath sound indicate?
Stridor is a high-pitched crowing or barking sound, indicating an upper airway obstruction
What is the recovery position?
Patient rolled onto left side, left arm extended, right hand under cheek.
What is the recovery position used for?
To maintain a clear airway in a patient with a decreased LOC who has not had traumatic injuries and is breathing adequately on his or her own. Also keeps patient from aspirating on their own vomit.
What are the preconditions for beginning CPR?
Patient is
• unconscious
• not breathing
• has no pulse
What is the procedure for adult CPR?
• position patient on firm surface
• look, listen, and feel for breathing (5 to 10 seconds)
• chin tilt or jaw thrust to open airway
• give two rescue breaths (1 second each)
• check for carotid pulse, (5-10 seconds)
• no pulse, begin chest compressions, 1-1/2 to 2" deep, 30 to 2 rescue breaths. After 5 cycles, reassess.
If you are alone and must perform CPR on an adult, at what juncture do you call for help?
Determine unresponsiveness, then call for help.
If you suspect that a patient has an airborne disease, such as TB, what precautions should you take?
Put a surgical mask on the patient and a high-efficiency particulate air respirator (HEPA mask) on yourself.
What are the four "links" in the chain of survival?
• early access
• early CPR
• early defibrillation
• early advanced care
What conditions must a patient exhibit before you can begin CPR?
• unresponsive
• not breathing
• no pulse (or, a pulse < 60 for infants and children)
Off hours, you find an adult victim unresponsive and requiring CPR. What should your first action be?
Call EMS first, then begin CPR
Off hours, you find a child victim unresponsive and requiring CPR. Your first action should be to call EMS. TRUE or FALSE?
False. You should first perform two minutes of CPR, and then try to contact EMS.
If an infant or child is unresponsive and not breathing, but has a pulse of 54, what should you do?
Perform chest compressions if pulse is less than 60 beats per minute.
Why do responders call EMS first before performing CPR on an adult, but perform CPR for 2 minutes before calling EMS for a child?
Because cardiac arrest in an adult is more likely to be due to a disturbance in the heart's electrical activity, and getting a defibrillator takes precedence over starting CPR. Children have healthy hearts, and cardiac arrest is most likely to have occurred from respiratory arrest; therefore, getting the child ventilation is more likely to help them than defibrillation.
If an unconscious victim has a pulse but is not breathing, responders should do what?
Continue rescue breathing.
How many breaths per minute should you provide for an adult patient? What about for children and infants?
10-12 for adults

12 - 20 for children and infants
Why is it important to only provide enough volume per ventilation to cause the chest to rise?
Otherwise you risk causing air to be forced into patient's stomach, causing gastric distention. This in turn can reduce lung volume and cause vomiting and possible airway obstruction.
How deep should chest compressions be when doing CPR on an infant or child?
1/3 to 1/2 the depth of the chest
What exceptions are there to the "phone first" rule when doing CPR on an adult patient?
When the cause is submersion, injury, or overdose. Number one priority in these cases is NOT getting a defibrillator to the scene.
When CPR has to be interrupted to provide suction or move a patient onto a stretcher, do you resume with ventilations first or chest compressions?
Resume with chest compressions.
How should you treat a conscious adult who has an airway obstruction?
Determine if it's mild or severe. If patient can talk or cough, it's mild. If it's severe and they're conscious, ask if they're choking and do the Heimlich maneuver until object is dislodged or patient loses consciousness.
How should you treat an unconscious adult with an airway obstruction?
Do CPR, checking for the object each time before performing rescue breaths
How should you treat a pregnant woman with a complete airway obstruction?
Position yourself behind sitting or standing patient and perform 5 chest thrusts directly back toward spine
How would you treat an airway obstruction in an infant?
Perform a series of 5 back blows with heel of hand followed by 5 chest thrusts
What are the reasons that you can stop CPR once you've started?
• spontaneous circulation occurs (keep up rescue breathing)
• spontaneous circulation and breathing occur
• another trained rescuer can take over for you
• you turn care of the patient over to a person with higher training
• you are too exhausted to continue
• a physician or medic gives you the ok to stop.
You shouldn't remove blood soaked dressings from a wound. TRUE or FALSE?
True. Put additional dressings on it and hold them firmly in place.
How should you treat a bleeding wound?
Direct pressure until bleeding is controlled, then find a dressing and bandage in place. Elevate extremity above heart. If it continues to bleed, find a proximal pressure point, either the femoral or brachial arteries, and apply pressure.
What does one pupil larger than the other indicate?
A "blown" pupil may indicate intracranial pressure from intracranial bleeding.
How would you utilize an AED in the treatment of a patient you've witnessed having a heart attack?
Begin CPR and attach the AED as soon as it is available.
How would you utilize an AED in the treatment of a patient whose cardiac arrest was not witnessed?
Do 5 cycles of CPR (about 2 minutes) before attaching the AED
After delivering a shock to a patient with an AED, what should you do?
Immediately perform CPR, starting with chest compressions. After 5 cycles (2 minutes), reassess pulse and reanalyze the patient's heart rhythm.
Administering CPR while patients are being transported is usually not effective. TRUE or FALSE?
True.
An AED can not be used while transporting a patient. TRUE or FALSE?
True. AEDs can't analyze the cardiac rhythm while the vehicle is in motion, and it isn't safe to defibrillate in a moving ambulance. Stop the vehicle if a patient loses his or her pulse and you need to use the AED.