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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was the Bubonic Plague/Black Death?
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Disease of the 1300s that wiped out almost half of Europe's population; carried by fleas on infected rats
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What were some of the consequences of the Black Death?
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New taxes, demand for higher wages, rebellions, and beginning in 1337, the Hundred Years' War between England and France.
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What were some of the troubles of the medieval Church?
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Pope Boniface VIII, after a decree that prohibited taxation of clergy by civil ruler, was taken into "Babylonian Captivity" by the French king; two different popes elected by French and non-French factions.
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What was the Conciliar Movement?
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It was the movement that tried to elect a new pope and get rid of the two old ones; it resulted in three popes, then finally Martin V was elected and the other three popes stepped down.
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What was "simony"?
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Simony was the bribing of church officials.
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What were "indulgences"?
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Indulgences were basically pardons exchanged for monetary donations.
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What was the significance of the Medici family?
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They governed Florence for a while due to their banking.
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What was virtù?
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It was the quality of being a man--of successful demonstration of powers.
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What was the new conception of life?
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It was the focus of art on humans and human anatomy, less influenced by ancients. Also, the idea of perspective infiltrated art.
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What was humanism?
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Humanism was essentially a set of beliefs or a system of thought that focused on humans and their values.
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What was the vernacular?
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Local language.
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What was schooling, family life, and manners like during the Renaissance in Italy?
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Children learned Greek and Latin, as well as the classics. Children were organized into different age groups of levels of accomplishment, and upper classes developed etiquette.
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What was the significance of Machiavelli's The Prince?
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It distinguished actions of rulers from theology and moral philosophy and saw them for what they were without passing judgment.
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What were the differences between the Renaissance in Italy and the Renaissance outside Italy?
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Mysticism and lay religion were prevalent. Also, religion was a large part of the Renaissance outside of Italy, playing a role in scholarly activities and science.
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Who was Erasmus?
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He was a northern humanist who protested the abuse of clergy and churches, as well as prepared new Greek and Latin editions of the New Testament.
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What was the government of England like at this time?
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The Tudor family took over, first with Henry VII who gained the throne by force. Though not a good person, he was a good ruler and built good feeling in England.
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What was the government of France like at this time?
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Louis XI and his successors ruled and took strong control over both clergy and country.
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What was the government of Spain like at this time?
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Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile joined the two kingdoms together by name.
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Who was Martin Luther?
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He began the Protestant Reformation with his 95 Theses. He was a monk who believed that everybody could read and interpret the Bible freely, and that faith alone would provide deliverance.
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What was the difference between Calvinism and Lutheranism?
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Calvinists believed in predestination, and they were also extremely strict.
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What was the Reformation in England?
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Henry VIII of England first asked the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, but when the pope refused, he broke with the Roman Catholic church, married Anne Boleyn, and created the Anglican Church (the Church of England), thus beginning a new religion. Queen Elizabeth, his successor, made England a Protestant nation.
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What was the Council of Trent?
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It was an attempt to preserve the papacy as a center of unity and to reform abuses in the church. It was a statement of Catholic doctrine, upholding Catholic virtues such as celibacy and monasticism, while giving bishops more power and acting against the abuse of indulgences.
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What was the Catholic Reformation?
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Also called the Counter Reformation, the Catholic Reformation occurred as the Catholic backlash to the Protestant Reformation, headed by Pope Paul III. The Spanish Inquisition was an example of police enforcement of conformity to the church, and the Jesuits acted as an international missionary force, spreading Catholicism.
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