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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What countries made up the "civilized world"?
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Europe and its offshoots, like the United States.
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What countries were "backwards," and why were they considered thus?
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Africa, Asia, etc. They were considered "backwards" because they were lagging in materialistic (standard of living) and nonmaterialistic ideals (more knowledge), and had low indices of advancement (like birth rate, life expectancy).
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What was the "inner zone" of Europe?
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It consisted of Great Britain, France, Germany, etc.; the affluent industrial center.
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What was the "outer zone"?
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Ireland, eastern Europe, etc.; they were behind in productivity, poorer, and more agricultural
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What were some of the major changes in world demographics?
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There was a growth in population, especially so in Europe, with the exception of Africa. European population then stabilized. Urban life grew as well, but it was harsh on the working class.
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What was the Atlantic Migration?
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It was European migration into other countries, primarily the United States, mostly for political freedom.
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What was the "New Industrial Revolution?
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It was an expansion of mechanized industries, with new inventions.
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What allowed "inner zone" nations to prosper economically?
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Great Britain, France, and Germany dominated European manufactures, while the U.S. grew even faster. They created a favorable "balance of payments" through invisible exports, like the export of European capital. "Civilized" money could be exchanged easily under the gold standard, and London became the center of the global economic and financial system.
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What were some major changes in big business?
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A true world market was achieved, creating "globalization" and international cooperation. The idea of "limited liability," or the limiting of personal loss in bankruptcy to the amount of shares of stock in the company, increased investment in corporations. Also, "vertical" and horizontal" integration led to monopolies, respectively controlling processes from raw to finished product and controlling everything at the same level to reduce competition.
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What was the political situation in France like?
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The Paris Commune was put down by the National Assembly and the Third Republic was established. Government established parliamentary primacy. It had to deal with the Catholic clergy and defend the republican institution. It domesticated republicanism.
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What was the Dreyfus Affair?
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It was the conviction of an innocent Jewish army officer, symbolic of the rampant anti-Semitism in Europe, and creating a ruckus in the world.
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What was the political situation in Great Britain like?
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Two great parties developed: Liberal and Conservative, led respectively by William Gladstone and Benjamin Disraeli. Later, the Liberals were supplanted by the Labour party. Both fought for the extension of suffrage. The Labour party passed a program of social welfare. The Irish question dominated English politics for a long time, consisting of two grievances: protecting peasants against landlords and the Church of Ireland, which Gladstone, who gave home rule to the Irish, disestablished. Ulstermen fought for the political unity of Ireland, but Northern Ireland remained in the United Kingdom and Protestant while the Republic of Ireland was Catholic.
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What did Otto von Bismarck do in the German Empire?
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He repressed socialism after making peace with the Catholics and fought the Catholic church with Kulturkampf, or "battle for modern civilization."
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What was William II's "new course"?
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He dismissed Bismarck, and then set about with a conciliatory attitude toward the laboring class and an ambitious colonial, naval, and diplomatic policy.
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What was the political situation in Italy like?
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Italy became a constitutional monarchy and completed its unification. Political life, though, was corrupt, and the pope did not recognize the Italian kingdom. However, it broadened its narrow suffrage, and industry began in northern cities like Milan. Social problems remained.
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What was the political situation in Austria like?
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It became the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary, created by the political compromise of 1867, in which Francis Joseph governed by decree.
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What were some general trends in Europe at the time?
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Socialism was held back through repressive laws and benevolent legislation. The most serious problem was agitation by various subject nationalities, especially in Austria-Hungary. Political forms of democracy advanced, and universal male suffrage was adopted in many European nations with the exception of Russia. However, Europe was still mostly monarchical, but with opposition to imperialism.
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