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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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daltons law says that the sum of all partial pressures gives... |
the total pressure for a mixture of gases |
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3 types of muscle |
skeletal cardiac smooth |
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_______________ muscle is attached to bones and used for movement
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skeletal |
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_____________ and _________ muscle have striations |
skeletal cardiac |
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what do skeletal and cardiac muscle have in common? |
they have striations, and can contract |
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___________ muscle is also known as involuntary muscle |
smooth |
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__________ muscle is found around blood vessels and hollow organs |
smooth |
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The major functional differences in the three muscle typesresult from their differing _______________ _____________ |
electrical properties |
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muscles generate what 3 things |
force movement heat |
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muscles are made up of thousands of _________________ |
muscle fibers |
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red |
skeletal muscle |
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orange |
connective tissue |
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yellow |
muscle fibers |
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red |
sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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orange |
sarcolemma |
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yellow |
mitochondria |
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green |
thick filament |
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pink |
myofibril |
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blue |
thin filament |
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purple |
T-tubules |
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The muscle membrane is called the |
sarcolemma |
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sarcoplasmic reticulum is the muscle equivalent of the .. |
endoplasmic reticulum |
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the thin dark band in sarcomeres is called a ____________ |
Z-line |
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thick filaments are called... |
myosin |
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thin filaments are called... |
actin |
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the filamentous protein of actin is called |
tropomyosin |
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the globular protein of actin is called |
troponin |
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red |
A band |
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pink |
M line |
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yellow |
Z disk |
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orange |
I band |
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green |
sarcomere |
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blue |
H zone |
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During muscle contraction, the energy input from_______ and ___________ ________ must equal energy output or work performed and heat released |
ATP creatinine phosphate |
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about how much of the energy in chemical bonds of nutrients is converted to work |
20-25% |
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____-____% of the energy contained by biomolecules consumed during metabolism is released as heat |
75-80% |
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the metabolism of ___________ ______________ is a significant source of body heat. |
skeletal muscle fibers |
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a single __________ ________ will innervate several muscle cells |
=motor neuron |
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a motor unit is the _____________+ the ____________ |
motor neuron muscle cells |
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how does an individual muscle cell contract |
all or none fashion |
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what affects the variations in strength of the contraction of the muscle as a whole |
activation of different numbers of motor units |
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A skeletal muscle cell is innervated by a single contact pointfrom a single motor neuron – called the |
neuromuscular junction |
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A spike in the motor neuron will cause the release of |
acetylcholine |
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what happens after acetylcholine is released after a spike in the motor neuron? |
it diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to a receptor on the muscle |
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the opening of many channels on the muscle membrane causes a _______________ |
depolarization |
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A spike on the muscle surface is conducted to the interiorof the cell by the _____________ ________________ |
transverse tubules |
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=Contained in the T-tubule membrane is a voltagesensitivereceptor called the |
dihydropyridine receptor |
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Depolarization of T-tube causes conformational changeof DHP receptor – which causes |
opening of calcium channel of SR |
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when calcium diffuses out of SR, it raises... |
cytosolic Ca+++levels |
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what does calcium bind to |
troponin |
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after the calcium binds to troponin, it causes ________________ to be displaced |
tropomyosin |
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after tropomyosin is displaced, what is exposed |
a site on the actin molecule |
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the exposure of the actin site allows for the head of the ___________ to bind to it |
myosin molecule |
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what does the cross bridge do |
rotates and pulls theactin molecules towards the center,sliding past the myosin molecule |
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when Z-lines are pulled towards one another, the sarcomere (lenghtens/shortens) |
shortens |
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when myosin head releases the actin at the end pf the power stroke, ____________ is required |
ATP |
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how does rigor mortis work |
animal stops making ATP when it dies calcium is released after SR breaks down myosin cant release actin rigid state in muscle causes rigor mortis |
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what can rigor mortis be used for |
estimating time of death |
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what happens during the latent period? |
Ca++ is released from SR |
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muscles contain an energy storage molecule called |
phosphocreatine / creatine phosphate |
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damaged muscle cells release... |
creatine kinase |
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Blood test for elevated levels of CK can distinguish between cardiac &skeletal muscle damage by the ___________ present in the blood |
isozyme |
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single twitches are only used by _____________ muscle |
cardiac muscle |
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what causes summation in muscles |
higher calcium in the sarcoplasma |
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voluntary movements are produced by controlled _______________ contraction |
tetanic |
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The amount of tension a muscle canproduce is dependent on the amount themuscle... |
stretched |
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______________ contraction occurs when the length of themuscle doesn’t change |
isometric |
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___________ contraction occurs when movement occurs |
isotonic |
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isotonic excercise is for building |
cardiovascular health |
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isometric excercise is for building |
muscle strength |
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how can muscle contraction be driven by anaerobic mechanisms for short periods |
using energy from creatine phosphate breakdown and anaerobic glycolysis |
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type I of skeletal muscle fiber is called |
slow-oxidative |
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how do type I (slow-oxidative) contract ___________ and make ATP at what rate |
slowly at the rate they use it |
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type II muscle fibers are called |
fast-oxidative |
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type IIa (fast-oxidative) contract ____ and make ATP _____ |
fast moderately |
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which muscle fiber type can use ATP faster than they can make it |
type IIa |
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type IIb muscle fibers are called |
fast-glycolic |
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which muscle fiber type contract very rapidly, using ATP much faster than they can produce it |
type IIb |
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what is the end product of anerobic glycolysis that produces the burn of sustained muscle use |
lactic acid |
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_______ muscle cells are smaller than skeletal muscle cells& are spindle shaped |
smooth |
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smooth muscle has a poorly developed |
sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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The contraction rate of SM is much slower because of the |
slower action of its myosin ATPase |
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adjacent fibers are connected by electrical synapses is the arrangement of _____-unit |
single |
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each cell receives own stimulatory input as for skeletal muscle is the arrangement of ____-unit |
multi |
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in smooth muscle, Calcium binds to .. |
calmodulin |
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what does calmodulin activate |
enzyme myosin light chain kinase |
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____________-muscle can maintain tension over very longperiods of time |
smooth |
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smooth muscle that never relax are called |
tonus |
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for smooth muscle, tension is related to |
membrane potential |
