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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the DSM definition of normality/mental health? |
There is none |
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How does the DSM define a mental disorder? |
- Behavioral, emotional, or cognitive syndrome-> reflects dysfunction in psychological, biological or developmental processes - Associated with distress or disability - Not an expected and culturally approved response - Not simply socially deviant behavior/conflicts |
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Define the ages for the different stages of development. |
Prenatal- before birth Infancy- birth to 1 year Toddler- 1 year to 3 years Preschool- 3 to 5 years Latency - 6 to 11 years Adolescence- 12 to 18 years |
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What is attachment? What study looked at how attachment forms? When phase does it occur in? |
Emotional connection between infant and primary caregiver. Harry harlow study on monkeys with terry-cloth Infancy |
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What are the long term effects of deprivation of affection in infants? |
Anaclitic depression (child becomes depressed and susceptible to physical illness) Social/Emotional Effects- poor language skills, lack of trust Physical Effects- failure to thrive/death |
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What are the major Infant reflexes and when do they disappear? |
Babinksi- big toe drosiflex with plantar stimulation-- 12 months Moro- limbs extend when startled -- 3 months Rooting- lip puckering in response to perioral stimulation -- 4 months Palmar - grasp object in palm -- 6 months |
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What is a transitional object? What stage is it present in? |
Infancy Object to which young child becomes attached and uses for comfort |
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What is stranger anxiety? What stage is it experienced in? |
Infancy- occurs by 6 months Normal fear of strangers-- able to distinguish caregivers from everyone else |
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What is separation anxiety? What stage is it experienced in? |
Infancy- occurs by 9 months Separation from person to whom infant is attached (normal) |
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What are the three main things that happen at 6 months? |
sits alone, babbles, laughs |
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What is the Piaget stage during infancy? |
Sensorimotor (birth-24 months) - interacts with world through sensory observation - control over motor fxn |
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What is the Freud stage during infancy? |
Feeding source of all satisfaction and frustration |
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What is the Erikson stage during infancy? |
Basic Trust vs. Mistrust (ability to rely on parent) |
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What are some major things that happen during the toddler period? |
- More motor/intellectual development - Pleasure in discovery - Look for emotional cues in parents - Toilet training |
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What is gender identity? When does it start? When is it fixed? |
Conviction of being male or female Starts at 18 months Fixed by 24-30 months |
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What is the Piaget stage during the toddler phase? |
Sensorimotor stage (until 24 months) - Object permanence (Peek-a-boo) Preoperational Stage (2-7 years) - Child uses symbols/language - Intuitive thinking not logical/deductive |
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What is the Freud stage during the toddler phase? |
Age- 1 to 3 Centered on bowel functioning (ability to control) |
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What is the Erikson stage during the toddler phase? |
Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt Age- 1 to 3 - Child sense of self based on ability to control bodily functions - Autonomy (child able to explore without parent) - Shame/Doubt (required to perform but cannot) |
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What are the general advances that occur during the preschool phase? (3-5 years) |
- Mastered socialization tasks (bowel control, dress/feed self, control temper tantrums) - Express complex emotions - Fear of loss of approval/acceptance - Aware of bodies & differences between sexes |
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What are the distinct gross and fine motor skills during the preschool years? |
3- copies a "O" 4- copies a "+" 5- copies a square 6- copies a triangle |
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What is the Piaget stage during the preschool phase? |
Continuation of preoperational stage - Immanent justice (punishment for bad deeds) - Egocentrism (center of universe/only own perspective) - Animistic thinking (physical events & objects have feelings) |
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What is the Freud stage during the preschool phase? |
Phallic phase (3-5 years) - Genitals is focus - Oedipal complex: focus on parent of opposite sex |
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What is the Erikson stage during the preschool phase? |
Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 years) Initiative- increased skill, takes step to make relationship with parent of same sex Guilt- anxiety of over anticipated punishment |
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What are the major advances that occur in the latency- middle/school years (6 to 11 years) phase? |
- Mastery of skills - Interpersonal relationships-- adults other than parents, best friends - Cognitive development- after 8 years death is understood as final |
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What is the Piaget stage during the latency phase? |
Concrete Operations (7 to 11) - Understand other's viewpoint - Conservation - Reversibility |
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What is the Freud's stage during the latency phase? |
6-11 years - Libido repressed to develop same-sex friendships |
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What is the Erikson's stage during the latency phase? |
Industry vs. inferiority (5 to 13 years) - Industry-- strive for sense of accomplishment - Inferiority-- When child unable to master tasks |
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What is the main clinical application of the preschool phase? |
Helps gauge how much a child understands about illness |
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What are the three stages of adolescence (12-18 years)? |
Early- 11 to 14 Middle - 14 to 17 Late - 18 to 20 |
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T/F: The adolescent stage ages and durations are not very variable |
False: they are very variable |
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What are the different aspects of development associated with adolescence? |
Biological- skeletal, physical sexual, brain dendritic connections Psychological- cognitive, personality consolidation Social- Preparation for role of young adulthood |
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What are the ages of onset of pubery in males and females? |
Males- 13 Females- 11 Trigger-- Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal gonadal axes |
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What are the specific psychological developments that occur in adolescence? |
- thinking more abstract - development of morality - creativity increases - identity formation |
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What are the two aspects of identity formation? |
Identity- Secure sense of self away fromparents Negativism- Attempt to tell the world that the person has a mind of his/her own (testing authorities) |
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What is risky behaviour? What stage is it most common in? What are the reasons behind it? |
- Accident prone, risky sexual behaviour and sexual abuse - Adolescence - Omnipotent fantasies, fear of inadequecy, group dynamics |
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What is the Piaget stage during the adolescent phase? |
Formal operations (11 through adolescence) - Think abstractly, reason deductively, define abstract concepts |
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What is the Freud stage during the adolescent phase? |
Genital phase (12-18 years) - Genital sexuality develops and proceeds to adulthood |
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What is the Erikson stage during the adolescent phase? |
Identity vs. Role Confusion (13 to 21) - Identity: forms separate/cohesive self - Role Confusion: inability to form identity (confused about place in world) |
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What defines the end of adolescence? |
Assumption of new social roles Socialization into roles Assumption of adult self and life structure |
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What are the different phases of adulthood? |
Early- 20 to 40 Middle- 40 to 65 |
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What is the Erikson phase of early adulthood? |
Intimacy vs. Isolation (21-40y) - Intimacy: make/honor commitments, sacrifice and compromise - Lacking intimacy leads to isolation: unable to tolerate fear of abandonment (withdrawal/depression) |
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What is the Occupational development during early adulthood? |
Choice- choice of career is complex and changes from diffuse/unrealistic to realistic, results from personality development, may change more often Motives- Individual/private, difficult to explain, influenced by atmosphere while growing up |
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Relationships/Marriage during early adulthood. |
Commitment to intimate interdependence New source of support/strength |
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Parenthood in adulthood |
By 30 most people have families Changes person's position in society Demands responsibility Children reawaken conflicts parents had when they were children |
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Overall what are the three major tasks of early development that must be completed before moving to the next stage? |
Occupation Relationship/Marriage Parenthood |
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Which phase was defined as the "noon of life"? |
Middle adulthood (40) |
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What defines the transition into middle adulthood? |
Reviewing the past Considering how life has gone Deciding what future will be People change roles in lives |
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What is the Erikson stage during the middle adulthood phase? |
Generativity vs. Stagnation (40 to 60y) - Generativity: persons guide oncoming generation/improve society - Stagnation: person stops developing without impulse to guide (don't care for children) |
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What physical changes occur during middle adulthood? |
Decreased biological/physiological functioning - Medical illnesses: hypertension/diabetes, myocardial infection, cancer - Menopause - Physical appearance: wrinkles, obesity, balding/grey hair, bifocals |
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What is the midlife transition? |
Transition: greater insight on how life will turn out (re-write ending)-- productive change Crisis: emotional struggles at middle adulthood leading to serious maladaptive beahviour |
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What is the mental state defined as when adult maturity is reached? |
- Sophisticated self-awareness based on own experience - Use intellect in relations to self and others - Allows people to move forward and bring completion to lives ahead |
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What is late adulthood defined as? |
Adults 65+ Yound-old: 65 to 74 Old-old: 75+ |
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What are factors that no longer predict wellness once we are in our 70s? |
Ancestral longevity Parential social class Stability of parental marriage Parental death in childhood IQ |
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What are factors that do predict wellness in 70s? |
Not smoking (or quitting by 50) Adaptive coping style no alcohol abuse Healthy weight Regular exercise Stable marriage/good relationships High education |
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What was the best predictor of high income between inner city and Harvard men? |
Whether their mother made them feel loved |
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T/F: There is a severe decrease in sexual interest and intelligence during late adulthood |
there is NO decrease in these |
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What is presbycusis? |
Occurs in late adulthood high frequency hearing loss Caused by destruction of hair cells at cochlear base |
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What happens to sleep as we age? |
Decrease REM percentages and stages 3/4 sleep Increase in sleep latency, awakening during the night |
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What are the changes in sexuality that occur when we age? |
Men- slower erection/ejaculation, longer refractory period Women- vaginal shortening and dryness |
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What are the possible negative consequences of polypharmacy? |
Drug interactions, economic cost, inaccurate use, discontinuation |
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T/F: Aging has no major effect on absorption |
True |
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What are age related changes that can affect medication efficacies? |
Volume of distribution Elimination half-life Older adult may be more sensitive to side effects |
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What is the rule of thumb when administering medications to those in late adulthood? |
Start low and go slow |
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What are the cognitive changes that occur in late adulthood? |
Decrease in speed to process info Sensory impairment Most day-to-day tasks are not impaired |
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T/F: # years retired is almost = to # of years working |
True |
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What is the incorrect stereotype of old age? |
Loneliness, poor health, dementia and weakness |
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What is the Erikson stage for adults 60+? |
Integrity vs. Despair Successful resolution: Sense of peace and wisdom through coming to terms with how one's life was lived |
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T/F: Psychiatric disorders are the most prevalent in the healthy elderly |
False. More common at other life stages. |
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What is the impact of mental illness in the aging population comparable to? |
Chronic physical illness (Ex. decreased quality of life, ability to function independently, hospitalizations, etc. ) |
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T/F: Depression/anxiety should be viewed as normal in older persons with physical illness |
NO |
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Generally what are the tasks of young/middle adulthood compared to late adulthood? |
Young/middle- interpersonal relationships Late adulthood- accepting one's life and adapting to late life changes |
