Nop: Exam 2 B

Front 1

Convert stimulus energy into an electrochemical energy

Back 1

Transduction

Front 2

Stimulus produces a local change in membrane potential, does not propogate

Back 2

Receptor potential

Front 3

Receptor types are specific for different systems

Back 3

Primary receptor endings

Front 4

Stimulus to which each type of receptor is most responsive

Back 4

Adequate stimulus

Front 5

Photoreceptors

Back 5

-always open in absence of light
-light--->hydrolyze cGMP-->channels close-->membrane potential becomes less positive by stopping influx of Na causing hyperpolarization

Front 6

How is information sensed?

Back 6

1. Detection of stimulus

2. transduction

3. Receptor potential converted to AP via voltage gated ion channels

Front 7

Modality is represented by activity of specific receptors and by the CNS neurons to which they are connected

(if rewire, vision related to color)

Back 7

Labeled line code

Front 8

How is intensity encoded?

Back 8

1. Rate
2. # of activated receptors

Front 9

Frequency is propotional to stimulus intensity (increase stim intensity, then increase in rate of discharge)

Back 9

Frequency code

Front 10

Stimulation proportional to # activated receptors (more activated receptors means increased rate of discharge)

Back 10

Population code

Front 11

The size and location of the receptive field is determined by the location and distribution of the receptor endings

Back 11

Place code

Front 12

Region of the sensory neuron that when stimulated causes the cell to fire AP

Back 12

Receptive field

Front 13

When receptors decrease firing during constant stimulation.

They zone out

Back 13

Adaption

Front 14

Signal stimulus duration by persistent depolarization and generation of AP throughout the period of stimulation

Back 14

Slowly adapting receptors

Front 15

Only respond at the beginning and end of a stimulus

Gives rate at which stimulus is applied or removed

Back 15

Rapidly adapting receptors

Front 16

Small receptive field
Tap/flutter
Rapid adaption
Encodes rate

Back 16

Meissner's corpuscle

Front 17

Small receptive field
Light touch/pressure
Slow adaption
Encodes duration/magnitude

Back 17

Merkel cells

Front 18

Large receptive field
Vibration
Rapid adaption
Encodes rate

Back 18

Pacinian corpuscle

Front 19

Large receptive field
stretch
slow adaption
encodes magnitude/duration

Back 19

Ruffini endings

Front 20

Small receptive field

Back 20

Meissner's corpuscle
Merkel cells

Front 21

Rapid adaption

Back 21

Meissner's corpuscle
Pacinian corpuscle

Front 22

What classes of sensory nerve endings feed into dorsal columns?

Back 22

1. Exteroceptors (skin): temp, touch, pressure, pain

2. Proprioceptors (muscles/tendons/joints): posn awareness, tension

3. Visceroceptors (internal organs/tissues)

Front 23

What are the proprioceptor sense organs?

Back 23

(Muscle, tendon, joint) send signal of limb movement, position in space, and conscious sensation

Muscle spindles, Golgi Tendon Organs, Ruffini Endings

Front 24

Every muscle
Signal change in length, rate/velocity
Activated by stretch
Parallel to muscle fibers

Back 24

Muscle spindles

Front 25

Tendon origins & insertions
Signal amt of force in muscle/tnesion
Activated by muscle contraction
In series w/ muslce fibers

Back 25

Golgi Tendon Organs

Front 26

In joint capsules
Signal limb/joint position and movement

Back 26

Ruffini Endings

Front 27

4 functions of DC-ML

Back 27

1. Kinesthesis
2. Vibration Sensation
3. Discriminative/fine tactile sense
4. proprioception/position

Front 28

Pathway of DC-ML

Back 28

1st order: enter DRG and synapse in nucleus gracile/cuneate

2nd order decussate at medulla via internal arcuate fibers and becomes ML. Synapse at ventral posterolateral nucleus

3rd order goes through internal capsul and synapses at primary somatosensory cortex

4th order relay info to cells in somatosensory cortex

Front 29

The effect of Brown Sequard Syndrome on dorsal column

Back 29

1. produce loss of MVP on SAME side (has not crossed)

Front 30

The effect of Brown Sequard Syndrome on Spinothalamic/anterolateral system?

Back 30

Lose pain/temp on OPPOSITE side of body

Front 31

From untreated syphilis
Bilateral degeneration of dorsal root fiber
Degeneration of myelin in dorsal columns

Back 31

Tabes Dorsalis

Front 32

Theree spinocerebellar pathways

Back 32

1. Dorsospinocerebellar tract

2. Cuneocerebellar tract

3. Ventral spinocerebellar tract

Front 33

Dorsospinocerebellar tract

Back 33

Originate: nucleus dorsalis of clarke

Controls lower limb movt and posture

Front 34

Cuneocerebellar tract

Back 34

Originates in accessory cuneat nucleus

Controls upper limbs

Front 35

Ventral spinocerebllar tract

Back 35

Originates in the base of the dorsal horn

Controls lower limb muscles