Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the first and second line of defense against invasion by a pathogen?
|
first: tonsils
second: inflammatory response |
|
|
What are the main cells involved in inflammation?
|
neutrophils and macrophages that engulf by phagocytosis
|
|
|
What are the 4 hallmark symptoms of inflammation and what are the causes of each?
|
1 redness: blood flow + from vasodilation (hemoglobin) iron containing pigment oxyhemoglobin
2 heat: 60% metabolic energy, heat tends to inhibit growth of some pathogens 3 swelling: escape of fluid from vessels and more fluid in interstitial compartment, +blood flow=more white blood cells to the area 4 pain: swelling presses on nerve endings and causes pain |
|
|
What causes the capillaries to dilate and become permeable?
|
Chemical mediators, such as histamine
|
|
|
How do antihistamines work?
|
It blocks the receptors on the cells so histamine can't bind.
|
|
|
What is the beneficial reason for increasing blood flow and increasing permeability to a damaged tissue cell?
|
brings WBC's to the area, increased permeability of capillaries allows fluids and proteins, including clotting factors, to escape into the tissues which prevents blood loss.
|
|
|
What are summoned to a damaged area?
|
WBC's, neutrophils first.
|
|
|
When a WBC (what specific WBC?) arrives on scene of injury, and it is not serious, what happens??
|
Neutrophils localize any infection and keep it from spreading then die off which contributes to pus! Nearby cells secrete growth factors to ensure the growth and repair of bv's and growth of new cells o fill in teh damaged area.
|
|
|
If the injury is serious when WBC's arrive, what do they do?
|
They are overwhelmed and call in reinforcements by secreting chemical mediators called cytokines
|
|
|
What attract more WBC's to a damaged area when the initial neutrophils become overwhelmed from a serious injury? What specific BC will they call in?
|
cytokines, Monocytes-->macrophages
|
|
|
What BC can the cell that monocytes turn into call in for serious injuries and what kind of defense will these bc's carry out?
|
macrophages can enlist the help of lymphocytes to carry out specific defense mechanisms
|
|
|
Why is doing a diff useful?
|
When a person has an illness, an examination of numbers and types of WBC's in their blood can be very useful
|
|
|
Stimulated macrophages can bring about what 2 actions?
|
enlist the help of lymphocytes AND
bring about an explosive increase in the number of leukocytes by producing CSF's which head back toward the bone marrow where they stimulate the production & release of WBC's, primarily neutrophils. |
|
|
What is an example of a cytokine that brings about an explosive increase in the # of leukocytes? How does it do this?
|
stimulated macrophages by producing colony stimulating factors.
|
|
|
what can minimize the effects of cytokines?
|
aspirin, ibuprofen, or cortisone (a steroid)
|
|
|
How do medications such as cortisone, help in innflammatroy responses?
|
minimizes the effects of cytokines
|
|
|
What is the body's natural response to an irritation or injury, what happens if the injury does not subside? Why is this not ideal? :)
|
Inflammatory response, chronic inflammation can occur and may last for months, or even years. Inflammatory chemicals are not good to have and causes damage in other places.
|
|
|
What system is composed of a number of blood plasma proteins?
|
The complement system
|
