Non-Human Primates

Front 1

Retroviruses:
3 major genes?

Back 1

Gag (group-specific antigen) -> viral structural proteins;
Pol (polymerase) -> RT and integrase enzymes;
Env (envelope) -> viral envelope

Hint 1

JZWM 2006 sep;37(3):219-33

Front 2

Name 6 exogenous simian origin retroviruses of veterinary and public health significance.

Back 2

- type D simian retrovirus (SRV, Betaretrovirus)
- gibbon ape leukemia virus (GaLV, Gammaretrovirus)
- simian sarcoma virus (SSV, Gammaretrovirus)
- simian (and human) T-lymphotropic virus (STLV, HTLV, Deltaretrovirus)
- simian (and human) immunodeficiencyviruses (SIV, HIV, Lentivirus)
- simian foamy virus (SFV, Spumavirus)

Hint 2

JZWM 2006 sep;37(3):219-33

Front 3

Veterinary origins of HIV type 1 and 2, and HTLV-1?

Back 3

HIV-1: from chimpanzee SIV;
HIV-2: from sooty mangabey SIV;
HTLV-1: many primate species STLV-1.
(recently also SFV and SRV observed in humans!)

Hint 3

JZWM 2006 sep;37(3):219-33

Front 4

Simian immunodeficiency virus:
* usual pathogenicity in natural host?
* which primates are very susceptible SIV to AIDS-like disease? Name the main lesions.

Back 4

* natural hosts: lifelong subclinical infection.
* Asian primates, especially macaques:
- nonsuppurative histiocytic meningoencephalitis with syncytial giant cells
- giant cell interstitial pneumonia
- disseminated giant cell disease
- if persistent: lymphoproliferative diseases
- lymphocytic depletion, immunosuppression, opportunistic infections (cytomegalovirus, Candida, Cryptosporidium).

Hint 4

JZWM 2006 sep;37(3):219-33

Front 5

Type D simian retrovirus (SRV):
Mainly in which primates?
Name of simian disease?
Name important gross lesions.

Back 5

Macaques. Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (SAIDS).
- opportunistic infections
- cutaneous and retroperitoneal fibromatosis
- necrotizing stomatitis with osteomyelitis
- lymphadenopathy
- splenomegaly
- weight loss
- thymic atrophy
- fibroproliferative disorders

Hint 5

JZWM 2006 sep;37(3):219-33

Front 6

Simian T-lymphotropic virus (STLV):
In which primates?
lesions?
Implicated in a chronic wasting syndrome in which species?

Back 6

Old World primates.
- persistent lymphocytosis
- abnormal T-cells
- T-cell lymphomas and leukemia
- lymphadenopathy
- generalized skin lesions
- splenomegaly
In 3 captive lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) -> chronic wasting syndrome.

Hint 6

JZWM 2006 sep;37(3):219-33

Front 7

Simian foamy virus (SFV):
In which species?

Back 7

Many species of mammals, including cats, cattle, horses, hamsters, sheep, sea lions, many Old World and New World monkeys, apes, prosimians.
(Pathogenicity is unclear)

Hint 7

JZWM 2006 sep;37(3):219-33

Front 8

Gibbon ape leukemia virus and simian sarcoma virus:
associated with which lesions?

Back 8

- lymphoid and myelogenous malignancies
- osteo-proliferative lesions with marrow infiltration.
(White handed gibbon)

Hint 8

JZWM 2006 sep;37(3):219-33

Front 9

Inhalational anthrax infection in the African green monkey:
- frequent gross lesions?
- histo?
- Are the pathologic changes similar to those in rhesus macaques and humans?

Back 9

- hemorrhage and edema lung/mediastinum/mediast.lnn.
- pleural and pericardial effusions
- meningitis
- G.I. congestion and hemorrhage
* necrohemorrhagic lymphadenitis multiple lnn.
* mediastinal edema
* necrotizing splenitis
* meningitis
* congestion/hemorrhage/edema lung, mesentery, mesent. lnn., G.I. tract, gonands
Changes remarkably similar. NB: AGMs are NOT carriers of B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus)!

Hint 9

Vet Pathol 44:716-721 (2007)

Front 10

Amyloidosis in the common marmoset:
- prevalence?
- which type of amyloidosis?
- (general) pathogenesis?
- which organs?

Back 10

- 17 %
- AA or 'secondary'
- chronic inflammation cytokines IL-1,Il-6,TNFalpha -> acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) -> AA amyloid (fragment of SAA)
NB not associated with other pathologic changes in this study; possibly inherited; useful experimental model.
- liver, adrenal glands, kidneys, intestine

Hint 10

Vet Pathol 42(2)117-124 2005

Front 11

Natural Amyloid-Abeta deposits in brain of young common marmosets:
- +/- resembles which human disease?
- are sites of deposition specific?
- good experimental model?

Back 11

Alzheimer's disease.
Lack of precise anatomic sites of plaque deposition, paucity of depositions, diffuse further nature -> poor experimental model.

Hint 11

Vet Pathol 43:777 (2006)

Front 12

Toxoplasmosis in captive New World primates:
- signs?
- gross?
- histo?

Back 12

- death without signs
- malaise
- dyspnoea
- hypothermia
- sero-sanguinous or foamy nasal discharge
* pulmonary congestion
* pulmonary oedema
* splenomegaly
* mesenteric lymphadenitis
- multifocal necrotic hepatitis
- lymphadenitis
- interstitial pneumonia
- necrotic splenitis

Hint 12

JCP 129(2-3):196-204 (2003)

Front 13

human alpha-herpesvius (= herpes simplex virus):
Pathology in non-human primates?

Back 13

Chimpanzees: localized benign infection.
Gorilla, white-handed gibbon, white-faced saki monkey, owl monkey, common marmoset:
- gingivitis/stomatitis: vesicular/ulcerative mucocutaneous lesions
- histo: meningoencephalitis
- +/- disseminated infections with necrotic lesions (digestive tract, lung, liver, adrenal glands)

Hint 13

Vet Pathol 41(3):302-4 2004

Front 14

Alveolar Echinococcosis in cynomolgus monkeys:
etiology?
histo features?
Final host? Normal intermediate host?

Back 14

Echinococcus multilocularis.
Liver consistently affected. Also mesenteric lymph nodes, pancreas, lung, kidney.
Patterns:
1. macroph, often multinucl, around intact metacestodes
2. degenerate granulocytes and macroph surrounding collapsed laminated structures
3. cysts surrounded by collagen
Type AA amyloid in 9/12 animals.
Final: domestic carnivores like dogs.
Intermediate: small rodents.
Cyst: outer laminated layer, inner germinal layer, protruding budding protoscolices, with hooks, calcareous corpuscules.

Hint 14

Vet Pathol 41:229-234 (2004)

Front 15

Cholelithiasis in non-human primates: is it a common disease?
Name common diseases in Callitrichids.

Back 15

Cholelithiasis is uncommon in NHPs. Here: 7 cases.
Callitrichid diseases:
- lymphoplasmacytic enterocolitis (idiopathic)
- hepatic hemosiderosis
- trauma
- leptospirosis
- bacterial enteritis

Hint 15

JZWM 37(1) p44-48

Front 16

Major extra-uterine pathologic findings in cynomolgus monkeys with uterine infarction?

Back 16

- cutaneous or skeletal muscle necrosis
- pulmonary edema or DAD
- intestinal amyloidosis
5/9 had intravascular fibrin thrombi in multiple organs consistent with DIC.

Hint 16

Vet Pathol 44:309 2007

Front 17

1. Herpes simplex lesions in Gibbons?
2. H. simplex in Owl monkeys, tamarins, marmosets and tree shrews?
3. Cercopithecine herpesvirus 2 lesions in African green monkey?
4. Human herpesvirus 3 in great apes?
5. beta-herpesviruses in monkeys?
6. Epstein-Barr virus in cotton-top tamarins?

Back 17

1. self-limiting vesicles or encephalitis
2. generalized fatal infection
3. myelitis. (=SA8 virus)
4. chicken pox
5. cytomegalic inclusion body disease (usually latent)
6. lymphoma (=human herpesvirus 4)

Hint 17

CLDavis.org

Front 18

Comparison of SIV and SRV type D:
Name differences in pathologic lesions / changes.

Back 18

In SIV: selective CD4 loss, P. carinii pneumonia, lymphoma, giant cell lung disease (lung, CNS, ln)
In SRV: retroperitoneal fibromatosis, subcutaneous FSA, myositis.

And encephalitis: rare in SRV, yes in SIV.

Hint 18

CLDavis.org

Front 19

Sepsis and pathophysiology of anthrax in a NHP model (Papio c. cynocephalus).
Lesions?
Primary target organ?
Fatal outcome by what kind of host response?

Back 19

- changes in vascular permeability
- DIC
- systemic inflammation
* lung primary target organ:
- serosanguineous pleural effusions
- intra-alv edema
- hemorrhagic lesions
Host septic response dominates fatal outcome.

Hint 19

AJP 2006 169(2)433

Front 20

Circopithecine herpesvirus 1:
- synonyms?
- lesions in host species?

Back 20

- B virus, monkey B virus, Herpesvirus simiae. alphaherpesvirus.
- Host: macaques. Vesicles->ulcers lips/tongue/buccal mucosa/genital epith/conjunctivitis. Rare disseminated disease: more ulcers, necrosis many internal organs, syncytia, INIB in epith cells.

Hint 20

Lewis Gross Morbid Anatomy of Pathology of Nonhuman Primates

Front 21

Herpes simplex fatal in which species?

Back 21

owl monkey, callitrichids.

Hint 21

Lewis Gross Morbid Anatomy of Pathology of Nonhuman Primates

Front 22

Monkeypox: natural host?
Lesions in NHP?

Back 22

NOT NHPs! Probably arboreal squirrels.
NHP: ranges from mild cutaneous infection to fatal systemic disease. Raised umbilicated cutaneous pox lesions. Large eo ICIB.

Hint 22

Lewis Gross Morbid Anatomy of Pathology of Nonhuman Primates

Front 23

Shigellosis in NHP?

Back 23

G.I. disease, diarhea. Zoonosis. Disease of primates only. Invades, replicates within and ultimately destroys colonic epithelial cells.
Affects cecum and proximal colon. SI is spared. Catarrhal tot mucopurulent to necroulcerative typhlocolitis.

Hint 23

Lewis Gross Morbid Anatomy of Pathology of Nonhuman Primates

Front 24

Streptococcus pneumoniae in NHP?

Back 24

Acute septicemic disease. Meningitis, arthritis or pneumonia. Also sudden death.

Hint 24

Lewis Gross Morbid Anatomy of Pathology of Nonhuman Primates

Front 25

Most common clinical problem due to Listeria monocytogenes in NHP?

Back 25

Abortion and/or perinatal septicemia. Generally no illness in dams. Advanced autolysis in fetus (in utero death). May see mall foci to abscesses in liver, placenta, other organs.

Hint 25

Lewis Gross Morbid Anatomy of Pathology of Nonhuman Primates

Front 26

Tularemia: lesions in NHP?

Back 26

- multifocal necrosis spleen
- necrotizing hemorrhagic pneumonia
- multifocal necrosis liver
- severe lymphoid necrosis in lymphoid follicles of lymphoid tissues (highly lymphotropic)
Generally cannot see bacteria in lesions.

Hint 26

Lewis Gross Morbid Anatomy of Pathology of Nonhuman Primates

Front 27

Sessile to pedunculated polypoid mass in gastric mucosa of NHP, adjacent to pylorus, red threadlike nematode within nodule: etiology? histo?

Back 27

Nochthia nochti
(trichostrongyle)
Polyps composed of mucus secreting columnar cells, marked mucus neck cell hyperplasia. Nematodes and embryonated ova.
(note: Physaloptera sp. is 5x larger than Nochtia and has cockroach as intermediate host).

Hint 27

Lewis Gross Morbid Anatomy of Pathology of Nonhuman Primates

Front 28

Most commonly affected organs in systemic amyloidosis of NHPs?

Back 28

SI, liver, spleen.
High correlation with colitis and diarrhea in macaques.

Hint 28

Lewis Gross Morbid Anatomy of Pathology of Nonhuman Primates

Front 29

Most common malignant neoplasm in aged rhesus?

Back 29

Intestinal adenocarcinoma.

Hint 29

Lewis Gross Morbid Anatomy of Pathology of Nonhuman Primates

Front 30

Endometriosis: in which NHPs?

Back 30

Menstruating (Old World) primates.
Ectopic endometrial tissue which undergoes regular cyclic changes (estrogen/progesterone).

Hint 30

Lewis Gross Morbid Anatomy of Pathology of Nonhuman Primates

Front 31

Reactive arthritis in NHP:
following infections in which organ systems?
associated most commonly with which pathogen?

Back 31

Enteric and urogenital infections.
Shigella sp. (flexneri?)
Reactive arthritis is an inflammatory non infectious arthritis.

Hint 31

Lewis Gross Morbid Anatomy of Pathology of Nonhuman Primates

Front 32

SIV in gorillas:
in which gorilla species?
Acquired from which other NHP?
Zoonotic?

Back 32

Gorilla gorilla gorilla.
This paper: chimp -> Gorilla SIVgor (group O-like) -> Human HIV-1 group O.

Hint 32

Nature 449, 9 nov 2006 p 164

Front 33

Tritrichomonas infection in SIV-infected rhesus macaques:
Stomach lesions?

Back 33

1. lymphoplasmacytic gastritis with trophozoites in gastric gland lumens
2. necrosuppurative gastritis with PAS-positive larger protozoa, round to tear-shaped.
Most likely Tritrichomonas mobilensis (as it is a lower- and New World primates pathogen).

Hint 33

Vet Pathol 42:19 2005