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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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American Revolution
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2 revolutions:
-1st was an external, economic conflict btn England and Colonies...settled militarily -2nd was internal among the colonists, political, settled peacefully |
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Mercantilism
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-colonies were labor units expected to support England
-various acts of Parliament regulated American merchants |
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Navigation Acts of 1651
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regulated ways merchants could buy and sell
-Colonies must buy/sell from/thru/to England -Americans developed good smuggling tactics -acts weren't enforced bc of conflict in england and distance |
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Imperialism
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-Parliament started looking at colonies for their taxes
-several acts for the purpose of taxation known as the Greenville Measures |
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Proclamation Act of 1763
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-froze further English settlement at Appalachian Mtns
-this cut defense costs -increased income (from a stabilized population) -Greenville Measure |
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Currency Act of 1764
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-outlawed all colonial currency
-made gold the standard -Greenville Measure |
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Sugar Act of 1764
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-consumption tax
-external, voluntary, hidden, broad-based, small -Greenville |
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Stamp Act of 1765
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-dumb
-taxed embossed paper indirect tax on property and literacy -involuntary, obvious, large -affected only literate property owners |
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Internal Control of Colonies
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Parliament controlled the placement of troops in colonies
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External Control of Colonies
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-customs service
-naval patrols -admiralty courts |
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Decade of Radicalization 1765-1775
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-Colonial leadership originally just wanted to reform the system thru Parliament
-then the demand changed from reform to revolution (change the sys) |
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Differences in Regions/Classes
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Regions
-northern seaboard: made $ on trade -southern tidewater: exported produce, needed foreign workers Classes -urban: conflict btn merchants and worker class -rural: conflict btn big farmers and small farmers |
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Rationalization of Revolution
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-struggle for pwr
-focused on Parliamentary pwrs: commerce and taxing pwr -they didn't like either, so they came up with loophole arguments: Charter Grant Argument, Natural Rights Contract Argument -pwr has to be legitimated by representation --Actual Representation: ppl using the pwr must be selected by geographical and numerical selection (colonial argument) --Virtual Representation: not factual representation (parliament) -Reform Argument -Revolution Argument -Charter-Grant Argument -Constitution-Empire Argument -Natural Rights-Contract Arg |
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Reform Arguments
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-argued for change within sys
-colonists had rights of englishmen -historically relative |
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Revolution Arguments
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-argued change outside the sys
-rights of americans -not historically relative -natural rights-contract argument |
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Charter-Grant Argument
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-neutralize internal pwr of parliament
-keep external pwr of parliament -parliament has not pwr over colonies -colonists have the rights of englishmen: --no taxation w/o representation -Franklin, Dickenson, Otis |
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Constitution-Empire Argument
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-parliament's pwr doesn't apply outside or inside
-King has all the pwr (even though he really has no pwr...wink wink) -Hamilton, J. Adams, Wilson |
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Natural Rights-Contract Argument
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Parliament has no pwr, period
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Franklin
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-colonial rights comes from charter
-unitary sys: one level of govt w/pwr (central govt) creates local govt |
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Dickenson
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-colonists=rights of englishmen (right of consent)
-local govt has revenue pwr bc england has a fed sys -parliament can't tax anything IN colonies |
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Otis
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-agrees w/Franklin and Dickenson
-english pwr legitimated by geography: --central govt has all external pwr --local govt has internal pwr -external pwr of Parliament must be legitimated by representation |
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Hamilton
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-supported Constitution-Empire
-colonists not subject to Parliament bc parliament's pwr based on virtual representation which is illegitimate -colonists owe obedience to the crown |
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Adams
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-rights of englishmen=right of consent=right of representation
-since parliament doesn't agree, oust them |
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Wilson
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-we don't owe allegiance to parliament
--their pwr not based on representation --rights of englishmen also include right of seperation (checks/balances) -colonies need representation in both houses |
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Natural Rights-Contract Argument
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-source of rights=state of nature
--right of sovereignty, consent, revolution -Samuel Adams, Paine |
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Samuel Adams
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-organized against england
-organized against elite upperclass, focusing on mass -theorist: Natural rights-contract argument |
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Paine
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-focused on middle-class moderates
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Paine (theorist)
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-ppl are characterized by affections and vices
-society is organized on our positive side -govt's job to handle vices -society=lockian, govt=hobbesian -govt goes thru 2 stages: --direct pop democracy --indirect rep democracy (as population and geography increase) -How to check tyranny: --govt created by pop consent --review by pop consent -purpose of govt is to insure freedom and security |
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Loyalists
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-Seabury
-Leanard -Boucher |
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Seabury
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-argued against Hamilton
-argued status quo necessary in terms of pwr, rights, obedience |
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Leanard
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-argued against Adams
-we need govt to create reason and conscience and protect rights -allegiance only to monarch is dangerous bc no checks |
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Boucher
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-argued against Paine
-status quo is valid bc natural laws/rights are invalid -pop consent is illogical -termination of govt is illogical |
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Declaration of Independence
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4 parts:
-truths -rights -violations -actions |
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Radical Success
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-2nd Continental Congress
-Dec of Ind -Articles of Confederation |
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Critical Years
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-81-87
-colonial govts=3 types: Royal, Proprietary, Charter colonies -based on separation or pwr -legislatures=bicameral --upper chamber appointed by gov'r --lower chamber elected -executive=appointed by King, appointed by proprietor, elected -judiciary=appointed by exec, |
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National Govt (Confederate)
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-based on state sovereignty
-no separation of pwrs -all functions performed by legislature, selected by states -ratification/ammending= unanimous agreement |
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Weakness of Confederate
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-diplomatically (Treaty of Paris)
-militarily -could not collect taxes -weak currency pwr -weak borrowing pwr -no commerce pwr -no contract pwr |
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Shay's Rebellion
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-Jan 1787
-symbol for weakness of Confederate system |
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Jefferson
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-wanted to desensitize pwr
-separate pwr -blend pwr |
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John Adams
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-economics determines social determines political
-some ppl are naturally gifted, others aren't -all oppression is naturally political (btn majorities and minorities) -separate, equalize, blend pwr -create dif kinds of tenures --judges=life --exec=life --upper house=long-term --lower house=short |
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Madison
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-ppl naturally selfish, oppressive, factional
-cause of probs=factions --expand scope of conflict (so more factions) --shift from state to fed --centralize and distance |
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Hamilton
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-pwr is too close to ppl
-centralize/desensitize pwr -separate/equalize/balance pwr -purpose of govt is to benefit property -govt should be biased (should be used) |
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Amending Convention
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-small, fixed property not represented
-proposals: --Virginia Plan (complete change) --NJ Plan (amendment) |
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Virginia Plan
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-3 branches
--bicameral legislature, pwr to veto, lateral appointment --exec: 4yr terms, selected by legislature --judiciary: 1 superior court, selected by congress, serve for good behaviour |
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NJ Plan
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-legislature: bicameral, selected by state legis, stronger tax/commerce pwr
-exec: plural, selected by nat'l legislature, unfixed term (subject to legis approval) -judicial: 1 court, selected by exec, |
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Positive Function
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-limit state interference
-limit popular interference |
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Negative Function
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-Protections of rights
-Lockian Checks -political controls -structural controls |
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Lockian Checks
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-check of specification
-check of consolidation -check of subordination |
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Auxiliary Prohibitions
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-political democracy hostile to capitalist economy
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Connecticut Compromise
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-take bicameralism
-the rest is like today |
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Federalists
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-ppl are the beast
-govt should be strong, centralized, judicialized -pwr sys should be biased |
