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3 Cards in this Set

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Regulation of Nodal in axis formation
(1) First made as a pre-protein and then cleaved to its mature form (1).

(2) Negatively regulated itself by secreted antagonists like Cerberus

(3) Positively regulate its own transcription

(4) Translation of Nodal and Nodal antagonists can be regulated by miRNAs.
Left/Right axis body
**Vertebrate embryos have bilateral symmetry.

**A number of signaling factors – including Nodal – and the transcription factor Pitx2 are expressed asymmetrically in the node, and later in the mesoderm of the embryo


Embryos display left-right asymmetry from early stages in development. In the mouse, this is established by asymmetric nodal flow
Nodal flow hypothesis
The underside of the mouse node has cilia.
These cilia have an unusual “9+0” microtubule structure, and as a result beat in circles and generate a fluid flow from right to left.

The kinesin family members KIF3A and KIF3B transport proteins along cilia of the ventral node.
Kif3a or 3b knockout mice have no node cilia.

The beating of cilia drives particles containing factors like FGFs and Shh from the right to the left of the node.

The factors released by the particles lead to an activation of calcium signaling on the left side of the embryo. This can be abolished by blocking FGF signaling