Nms Exam

Front 1

Define attention:

Back 1

Attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things.

Attention heightens your sensitivity to a limited range of stimuli that requires further processing. However, we cannot attend to everyone at once. (e.g., cannot read and have a discussion at the same time, and other activities).

Front 2

Posner's (1995) model of attention has three components. What are they?

Back 2

COM: Controlling, Orienting, and Maintaining

Orienting: Turning sensory organs (e.g., eyes) towards a stimulus, spreading additional cortical activation regions associated with processing that stimulus, and inhibiting other activation.

Controlling: the contents of consciousness: unconscious attentional mechanisms focus conscious awareness, helping you to decide how carefully/long to focus on a given stimuls.

Maintaining alertness: Staying focussed on important stimuli is vital (eg. focussing on an exam question in spite of stress/anxiety; staying alert whilst monitoring air traffic control signals.

Front 3

There are numerous models of attention which overlap on what 6 basic factors?

Back 3

arousal, capacity, selection/focus, direction/movement/control, sustaining/vigilance/, valuation/appraisal of stimulus.

Front 4

Understanding the relationships between arousal, capacity, selection/focus, direction/movement/control, sustaining/vigilance/, valuation/appraisal of stimulus is:

Back 4

Crucial in fully understanding brain-behavior relationships

Front 5

The brain's attentional system is automatically separable from its data processing system. True or False?

Back 5

True. They interact but remain distinct.

Front 6

Attention is localised to one specific area of the brain. True or False?

Back 6

False. Attention is not localized to any one specific region of the brain, but involves distributed network of regions with different regions carrying out different functions.

The three networks are :Orienting, Alerting, Executive attention

Front 7

What are the three attention networks in the brain?

Back 7

1. Orienting: Responsible for shifting attention to various locations (Important regions: frontal eye fields, parietal lobe, pulvinar, superior colliculus).

2. Alerting: Responsible for waking you from sleep and surveying environment for relevant stimuli (important regions: many subcortical including thalamus)

3. Executive attention network: Responsible for inhibiting automatic responses to stimulus (important region: prefrontal cortext / PFC).

Front 8

Damage to what part of the brain commonly results in unilateral neglect?

Back 8

Right hemisphere, especially damage to the right angular gyrus of the inferior parietal lobe.

Front 9

What is unilateral neglect?

Back 9

Patients ignore the left half of their visual field, have no conscious perception of of objects in that part of space, and ignore inputs coming from the left side of the body.

Patients are typically unaware of the problem, and may forget to wash/shave/apply makeup to the left side of their face, forget to dress the left side of their body, or neglect to eat food on the left side of their plate.

Front 10

Marshall and Halligan's house on fire study (1988) demonstrated that:

Back 10

Patients show tacit awareness of stimuli that cannot be consciously recollected or identified.

Neglect is NOT a disorder of low-level visual processing: Information in the neglected visual field is perceived.

Neglect is a disorder of attention.

Marshall and Halligan showed patient two line drawings of houses, one which was on fire. Which would you prefer to live in? Patient would always pick house NOT on fire but would confabulate the reason for their choice (nicer street, nicer neighbourhood). Pt not conscious aware of fire.

Front 11

Bisiach and Luzzatti's (1978) Piazza del Duomo study demonstrated that

Back 11

some patients with unilateral neglect also neglect the left-hand side in their mental representations of objects and scenes. That is, left-side neglect even happens in their imagination!

They asked two neglect patients to imagine being in the Piazza del Duomo in Milan (their home town), and to describe the buildings and other features around the square When asked to imagine that they were standing on the steps of the cathedral, nearly all of the features mentioned, would have been to their right,
but when asked to imagine standing at the opposite end of the square, most of the features mentioned were those on the other side, previously neglected!

Front 12

Research by Behrmann & Tipper (1999): The object-centered (vs space) account of unilateral neglect argues that.

Back 12

Once patients have focussed on one part of an object to their right, twisting the object around to bring the previously neglected side to the right makes BOTH halves of the object visible.

Front 13

Someone who say's:

“while cutting a slice of meat . . .
which he held with a fork in his left
hand, . . . would search for it outside
the plate with the knife in his right
hand … while lighting a cigarette he
often lit the middle and not the end”

would be suffering from what disorder?

Back 13

Balint’s Syndrome.

Front 14

Patients with Balint’s Syndrome are...

Back 14

are incapable of joining their perceptions. They perceive the world as a series of disjointed single objects.

People normally perceive a visual world that is seamless and richly detailed. This smooth perception is an illusion: Our brains combine multiple images which give us the perception of a seamless surround.

Front 15

Balint's syndrome can result due to lesions where?

Back 15

Bilateral lesions to the parietal lobe.

Front 16

Research with Balint's syndrome patients has determined that the ____________ areas play a critical role in object perception when binding of features to an object, or object to a location is needed.

Back 16

Parietal

Front 17

Without the intact functioning of parietal lobes, deployment of _________ attention, integrating their _________ and __________ appears impossible.

Back 17

spatial, parts, properties.

Without the intact functioning of parietal lobes, deployment of spatial attention, integrating their parts and properties appears impossible.

Front 18

In Balint's Syndrome, Patients can identify single objects, but are incapable of:

Back 18

perceiving multiple objects simultaneously, or successfully localising objects to grasp.

Front 19

Balint's Syndrome is:

Back 19

a disorder of spatial attention.

Front 20

What is simultanagnosia and what disorder is it common in? Lesions to what area of the brain are involved?

Back 20

Simultanagnosia is the inability to see more than one thing at a time. It occurs in Balint's Syndrome. Bilateral parietal lesions are implicated.

Front 21

In Balint's Syndrome, patients have _________ visual fixation and have severe difficulties in voluntarily moving _________.

Back 21

"sticky", fixation.

Front 22

Define optic ataxia:

Back 22

The inability to move optic fixation.

Common in Balint's Syndrome.

Front 23

Define optic apraxia:

Back 23

The inability to reach toward the correct location of perceived objects.

Common in Balint's Syndrome.

Front 24

Balint's Syndrome patients are functionally blind. True or False?

Back 24

True: BS patients lose information outside their own bodies, meaning that they cannot locate an item they perceive, nor can they tell when an item is moved towards or away from them, they are functionally blind expect for the perception of one object in the visual scene at a time.

Front 25

Rafal's (2001) Balint's syndrome study involving a ruler and comb demonstrated that:

Back 25

In BS, attention is fixed on a single object/detail and everything is neglected.

1. BS Pt shown either ruler or comb individually. Pt can identify object promptly.

2. Bs Pt shown two objects simultaneously (whilst looking at the comb the ruler is brought into view immediately behind. Patient can only see the comb.

Front 26

A patient with Balint's syndrome is shown two objects simultaneously (whilst looking at the comb the ruler is brought into view immediately behind). What can the patient see and why?

Back 26

The comb only. In Balint's syndrome, the patient's attention is fixed on a single object/detail and everything else is neglected.

Front 27

Reaching for and grasping an object involves:

Back 27

transforming the target's coordinates to body-centered space, plan a hand path and trajectory, compute joint orientations, activate muscle groups.

Front 28

Define: Synaesthesia

Back 28

A phenomena in which stimulation of one sensory modality leads to reports of "extra" automatic, involuntary experiences in a second modality.

Eg. Letter Q as crimson with a slight taste of fennel. Piano music is light blue and feels smooth.

Front 29

The most common forms of synaesthesia are?

Back 29

Colour graphemic synaesthesia:
Letters or digits induce particular colors that appear as a surface feature of the letters and digits.

Music-colour synaesthesia:
Music types induce particular colors.

Front 30

Letters or digits induce particular colors that appear as a surface feature of the letters and digits. What is this phenomenon called?

Back 30

Colour graphemic synaesthesia.

Front 31

Synesthesia affects what percentage of people?

Back 31

1/2000. 6:1 female to male.

Front 32

fMRI research involving Synaesthesis implicates which parts of the brain?

Back 32

Occipito-temporal brain activations which occur in response to real color also activate in response to synaesthetic color percepts.

Consistent with reports that their syn color experiences resemble real color percepts rather than just colour imagery.

Studies also indicate activation in the posterior parietal cortex (parietal lobule), an area known to be involved in visual feature binding.

Front 33

In grapheme-color synaesthesia, there is greater connectivity between the _________ _________ (grapheme form recognition) an adjacent area specialized in perception of colors.

Back 33

fusiform gyrus.

Front 34

Synaesthetes have more ________ _________ _________ between different parts of the brain including Inferior temporal, superior parietal, and frontal cortices.

Back 34

white matter connections.

Front 35

Attention is involved in synaesthesia, True or False?

Back 35

True. Synaesthesia requires attention to bind the perceived form features with the internally generated color features. This has been demonstrated using oculomotor distractor tasks. Synaesthesia occurs in much the same was as normal perception.

Deplete attention with distractors and synesthetic color experiences will not occur.

Front 36

Action is... ________ ___________.

Back 36

Planned movement

Front 37

Define actions:

Back 37

Actions are the endpoint of a series of cognitive processes that translate an individual's goals and intentions into motor output.

Front 38

Action is a ____________ process.

Back 38

cognitive.

Front 39

Movements are also ______ _________, however the physical acts are not necessarily cognitive (e.g., reflexes)

Back 39

motor outputs.

Front 40

Why is action computationally challenging?

Back 40

1. Infinite number of motor solutions (e.g., for picking up an object > joint positions and trajectories)

There are both physical (joint torque) and cognitive (e.g., planning limits) constraints on solutions and actions.

Front 41

Actions present us with what sort of problem?

Back 41

Degrees of freedom problem.

Front 42

What are motor programs?

Back 42

Rather than creating a solution from scratch every time we need to perform an action, we simplify processing by relying on generalized motor programs which are: STORED ROUTINES OF ACTIONS AND ACTION SEQUENCES THAT MINIMISE THE DEGREES OF FREEDOM PROBLEM (E.G. USING THE SAME HAND WRITING FORM/PATTERNS IF YOU'RE WRITING WITH YOUR HAND, MOUTH OR FOOT)

Front 43

Action in the Brain:
Frontal Lobes serve what function?

Back 43

planning action, maintaining goals, executing action

Front 44

Action in the Brain:
Parieto-frontal circuits serve what function?

Back 44

Links action with the current enviornment.

Front 45

Action in the Brain:
Parietal lobes serve what function?

Back 45

locates objects in space, sensory-motor information.

Front 46

Action in the Brain:
Temporal lobes serve what function?

Back 46

Object recognition and object knowledge

Front 47

Action in the Brain:
Occipital lobes serve what function?

Back 47

Visual analysis of the scene.

Front 48

Actions in the brain:
Basal ganglia serves what function?

Back 48

Modulates for and likelihood of action

Front 49

Actions in the brain:
Cerebellum serves what function?

Back 49

Monitors action online (vital++)

Front 50

Damage to the PFC doesn't impair movement or execution, but affects ________ of _________ movement.

Back 50

Planning of movement. Actions become disorganized and or inappropriate for current goals.

Front 51

Define perseveration:

Back 51

Repeating an action that has already been performed and is no longer relevent.

Front 52

Define utilization behavior:

Back 52

Impulsive actions on irrelevant objects in the environment.

Front 53

....the patient was found early in the morning wearing someone else's shoes, not apparently talking or responding to simple commands, but putting coins into his mouth and grabbing imaginary objects...."

This is a sign of which behavior? patient is likely suffering from damage to which lobe?

Back 53

Utilizaiton behavior. Damage to the PFC

Front 54

Define apraxia:

Back 54

The inability to performed skilled, purposeful movement, that cannot be account for by disruptions of basic motor processes (e.g., weakness, tone, movement disorder)

The person must be healthy.

Front 55

Apraxias are classified as _______ _________ motor deficits.

Back 55

Higher order.

Front 56

Apraxias are usually evident (a) bilaterally and (b) patient's low level motor processes are intact. True or false?

Back 56

True. Apraxias are a deficit for purposeful movement.

Front 57

Oral (buccofacial) apraxia involves difficulties performing voluntary movements with the muscles of the...

Back 57

tongue, lips, cheeks, and laranyx.

Front 58

Limb apraxia disrupts the ability to manipulate ________ and ________ with the affected limb.

Back 58

Tools and objects. Eg., scissors, cups, hammer.

Limb apraxia can also affect the ability to perform complex movement series, such as using a key to unlock a door, and disrupt the ability to perform symbolic motor sequences (e.g., blowing a kiss, or waving goodbye) or pantomime actions.

Front 59

The two types of apraxia are:

Back 59

Ideational and ideomotor.
Proposed by Liepmann (1905)

Front 60

Ideational (conceptual) apraxia impairs the ability to:

Back 60

form an "idea" or movement. Thus the patient is unable to determine a.) which actions are needed, and b.) the order in which they should occur.

For exmaple, a person with ideational apraxia may not be able to light a candle because he is unable to accurately sequence the necessary events (e.g., pick up matchbox, open it, take out match etc.)

HOWEVER: The patient would be able to perform each movement in isolation.

Front 61

Ideomotor apraxia involves a disconnection between the _______ of movement and ___________.

Back 61

Ideomotor apraxia involves a disconnection between the idea of movement and execution.

Unlike ideational apraxics, patients with ideomotor apraxia may be unable to perform even simple single actions because the action command fails to reach the motor cortex.

Deficits are most pronounced for abstract motor actions (e.g., gestures, pantomimes), however, everyday motor actions will be relatively intact.

Ideomotor apraxics can sequence movements, though the individual motor acts my be compromised.

Front 62

Zangwill argues that ideational apraxia is merely a more severe variant of_________ __________.

Back 62

ideomotor appraxia.

Front 63

Failure to imitate gestures is to _________ _________.

Back 63

ideomotor apraxia.

Front 64

Failure to act upon objects is to _________ ___________

Back 64

ideational apraxia.

Front 65

Cortical pathways are heavily involved in the _____________ for action.

Back 65

preparation

Front 66

Subcortical pathways show greater activity when both __________ and ___________ of action are needed.

Back 66

preparation and execution.

Front 67

The cerebellar loop does what?

Back 67

Coordinates movements, and may update the motor program online using visual feedback.

Patients with cerebellar lesions have tremulous movements, suggesting they are unable to use feedback to update initiated motor programs.

Front 68

The basal ganglia loop is critical for...

Back 68

the initiation and execution of internall generated movements and linking one action to the next: Modifies actions of the frontal motor structures.

Front 69

Parkinson's disease is a disorder involving what structures?

Back 69

Basal ganglia Substantia Nigra. There is a loss of dopaminergic cells resulting in a poverty of voluntary movement.

Front 70

Motor Sx Parkinson's include:

Back 70

Akinesia (lack of spontaneous movement)
Bradykinesia (slowness of movement)
Decay of movement sequences (walking degenerates into a shuffle)
Failure to scale muscle activity to movement amplitude
Failure to weld movements into a single action plan
Rigidity
Tremor (when stationary)

Characteristically immobile patients will however be able to run from fire and shuffling gait improves with with lines on the floor. Thus not purely a mechanical failure.

Front 71

Huntingtons is a disorder involving which brain structure?

Back 71

The Basal Ganglia. Huntington's is a inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by a dominant defective gene. 50% penetrance.

Front 72

Huntington's is characterised by....?

Back 72

Excessive movement, dance-like flailing limbs (Chorea) and contorted postures (hyperkinetic) and dementia.

Front 73

Huntinton's results from the depletion of inhibitory neurons in the early part of the ________ _________ between the _________ _________and ____________.

Back 73

indirect pathway between the basal ganglia and thalamus.

Selective loss of the striatal neurons (GABA) leads to underactivity in this pathway. PROFOUND DAMAGE TO THE BASAL GANGLIA.

Front 74

Huntingtons:

____________ output of the indirect pathway ( _________) but normal output of the __________ pathway (__________) leads to ____________ movement.

Back 74

REDUCED output of the indirect pathway (BRAKES) but normal output of the DIRECT pathway (ACCELERATOR) leads to UNCONTROLLABLE movement.

Front 75

Parkinsonian Sx aren't evident until _____% of nerve cells and _____% of dopamine cells are lost.

What does the brain do to compensate?

Back 75

Parkinsonian Sx aren't evident until 60% of nerve cells and 80% of dopamine cells are lost.

Brain increases dopamine synthesis and slowing update from the synaptic cleft.

Front 76

Parkinsonian Sx can be caused by:

Back 76

Encephalitis, toxins (including drugs/amphetamine), trauma, and stroke.

Front 77

Parkinson's involves:

__________ output of the indirect pathway (________) and _________ output of the direct pathway (___________)

Back 77

INCREASES output of the indirect pathway (BRAKES) and DECREASES output of the direct pathway (ACCELERATOR).

Front 78

______________ _____________ is like Huntington's disease in that it is a hyperkinetic disorder though to result from _________ __________ dysfunction.

Back 78

TOURETTE'S DISEASE is like Huntington's Disease in that it is a hyperkinetic disorder thought to result from BASAL GANGLIA dysfunction.

Front 79

Patients with this disorder exhibit uncontrollable and excessive repetitive movements that may be simple (e.g., tics, such as head jerk or eye blink) or complex (e.g., cleaning ritual.

Back 79

Tourette's Syndrome.

Front 80

echolalia is _______ . palipia is _______. coprolalia is _______.

All feature in Tourette's Disorder

Back 80

echolalia = repetition of sound
Palipia = word is rapidly and involuntarily repeated.
Coprolalia = is involuntary swearing or the involuntary utterance of obscene word.

Front 81

Tourette's is thought to reflect the ___________ to __________ the initiation of action due to hypersensitive dopamine receptors.

Treatment involves dopamine blockers such as haloperidol.

Back 81

Tourette's is thought to reflect the FAILURE to INHIBIT the initiation of action due to hypersensitive dopamine receptors.

Treatment involves dopamine blockers such as haloperidol.

Front 82

Typical age of onset of Tourette's? Affects males or females more? Common comorbid disorder?

Back 82

Onset 7-10 years. Affects males 3:1. OCD (25%)

Front 83

Tic/OCD ritual suppression results in...

Back 83

an increased compulsion to Tic/ritual.

Front 84

The human brain makes a ___________ to act ___________ we are consciously aware. This is evidence for a __________ __________.

Back 84

The human brain makes a COMMITMENT to act BEFORE we are consciously aware. This is evidence for a READINESS POTENTIAL.

Front 85

Alien Hand Syndrome typically results from what sort of damage?

Back 85

unilateral damage to the supplementary motor area and corpus callosum (motor/anterior alien hand syndrome). But can also result from temporal, parietal, occipital and splenium damage (sensory/posterior alien hand syndrome.

Front 86

Alien Hand Syndrome involves the decoupling of _______ and _________. Patients exhibit hand/arm behaviors that are no under voluntary control.

Back 86

Alien Hand Syndrome involves the decoupling of INTENTION and ACTION. Patients exhibit hand/arm behaviors that are not under voluntary control.

Front 87

Memory allows us to do what three things? (Kinsella)

Back 87

1. Share experience of the past
2. Enrich the present,
3. Plan the future

Front 88

What is the link between memory and social activity?

Back 88

Reminiscing (an enjoyable social activity)

Front 89

Who was Clive Wearing?

Back 89

1. Clive Wearing was a very talented musician.
2. Suffered from the herpes simplex virus that broke through the blood-brain barrier to cause encephalitis (inflammation of the brain).
3. When he recovered he was densely amnesic and unable to sore info for longer than seconds (Baddeley, 2010)

Front 90

Define amnesic syndrome:

Back 90

A PERMANENT, STABLE and GLOBAL (PSG) disorder of memory due to organic brain dysfunction, which occurs in the absence of other extensive perceptual or cognitive disturbance.

Front 91

What term can signal a variety of memory disorders reflecting different underlying areas or regions of brain impairment.

Back 91

Amnesia

Front 92

People living with memory disability complain of what things?

Back 92

Inability to COPE WITH CHANGE IN ROUTINE

Need to CHECK whether a task has been performed

INABILITY TO FOLLOW the thread of a newspaper story

REPEATING a story or a joke

FORGETTING WHERE something has been put.

FORGETTING TO TELL someone something important.

Front 93

What are the three proposed stages of memory?

Back 93

ACT ONE: Encoding – acquisition and consolidation

ACT TWO: Storage

ACT THREE: Retrieval

Front 94

MEMORY:

What does the medial temporal lobe (hippocampal system) do in terms of memory?

Back 94

Medial temporal lobe (hippocampal system) forms (encodes), consolidates new episodic & possibly semantic memories; reactivation of long term memories

Front 95

MEMORY:

What does the Prefrontal cortex (PFC) doe in terms of memory?

Back 95

Encodes & retrieves info; WM

Front 96

MEMORY:

What does the temporal cortex do in terms of memory?

Back 96

Stores episodic and semantic knowledge

Front 97

Memory:

What are the association and sensory cortices involved in in terms of memory?

Back 97

aspects of implicit perceptual memory

Front 98

MEMORY:

Other cortical & subcortical structures participate in...

Back 98

Learning skills & habits, especially those with implicit motor learning.

Front 99

Define sensory memory:

Back 99

Modality-specific perceptual information held for brief periods.

NB: Deficits are perceptual rather than memory (e.g., You won’t remember the warning to avoid sitting on the bench if you cannot clearly read the sign)

Front 100

What two things should you always check before assuming someone has a memory problem?

Back 100

vision and hearing.

Front 101

Define working memory:

Back 101

‘the ability that allows us to retain limited amounts of information for a short amount of time while we are actively working on it’ (Banich)

‘a memory system that “keeps things in mind” when performing complex tasks’. Baddeley, 2010

Front 102

Characteristics of WM:

Back 102

1. Limited capacity
2. Holds information on-line
3. Information refreshed by rehearsal or decays rapidly
4. Specialised sub-components held together by an attention mechanism – central executive.

Front 103

Draw Baddeley's model of WM.

Back 103

Correct?

Front 104

What are common tests of:

Short term store?
Executive attention (set shifting / dividing or dual tasking)?
Focussed attention (resistance to distraction)?
Episodic Buffer?

Attention set shifting – Trail Making Test (TMT)
Dividing attention (dual-tasking) – Test of Everyday attention (TEA)
Focussed attention (resistance to distraction) – Stroop test.
Episodic Buffer
Attention monitoring and manipulation – Verbal Fluency; n-back

Back 104

Short term store/ Simple capacity: Digit span & spatial span (forwards & backwards)

Executive attention : Trails (set shifting) TEA (dividing attention / dual tasking)

Focussed attention (resistance to distraction: Stroop

Episodic buffer (attention monitoring and manipulation: Verbal fluency, n-back

Front 105

Construct:
deficit in naming visually-presented items resulting from left temporo occipital damage. Patients can successfully pantomime how the object would be used and can name objects based on verbal definitions or
via tactile manipulation

Back 105

Optic aphasia

Front 106

Long-term memory:

In LTM Information is transferred into a __________ _____________ __________ and does not require continuing activity to be retained.

Back 106

In LTM information transferred into a PERMANENT NEURAL SUBSTRATE, and does not require continuing activity to be retained.

Consolidation a biological process, likely takes longer than a few secs (Nestor et al 2002 argue for approx 4 years)

Front 107

Memory:

Unconsolidated material is vulnerable to what?

Back 107

Trauma.

Front 108

What is the limit of LTM?

Back 108

Unlimited capacity. Memories are permanent.

Front 109

In LTM, memory codes principally by _________

Back 109

meaning.

Front 110

Most amnesics have some interruption of _____.

Back 110

LTM.

Front 111

Explicit memory (visual and verbal) is the same as __________ memory

Back 111

declarative memory.

Front 112

What is Explicit (episodic) memory?

Back 112

A record of personal experiences, autobiographical, time-tagged (e.g., remembering a birthday party)

Front 113

What is Explicit (semantic) memory?

Back 113

Knowledge of the rules & concepts of the world (e.g., stuff you read in books).

Front 114

What is Implicit (non-declarative) memory?

Back 114

Procedural: knowledge inaccessible to consciousness
Skills & habits (e.g., hitting a golf ball)

Front 115

What are some tests of explicit (declarative) memory?

Episodic tests:
Semantic tests:

Back 115

Episodic tests: word list learning (HVLT, CVLT, RAVLT); Rey Figure; WMS; Austin Maze.

Semantic tests: Pyramid & Palm Trees

Front 116

Implicit (non-declarative) memory tests?

Back 116

Fragmented pictures; mirror drawing

Front 117

WM and LTM systems work ___ _________.

Back 117

in parallel.

WM maintains information in an active state for online processing. LTM creates enduring records of experience

Front 118

Deficits in WM tend to be tied to...

Back 118

individual information-processing systems, e.g. difficulty in retaining verbal information.

Front 119

The HM case study told us a number of important things about memory including

Back 119

1. There are multiple memory systems
2. Damage to medial temporal lobe system (hippocampus etc) affects ability to acquire new long-term memories, not information already in LTM.
3. LTM can be fractionated – implicit/explicit etc

Front 120

TEMPORAL LOBE AMNESIA
What is the deficit pattern?

WM:
Implicit memory:
Semantic memory:
Episodic memory:
Retrograde amnesia

Back 120

TEMPORAL LOBE AMNESIA

WM: UNIMPAIRED (but transfer from WM to LTM disrupts)
Implicit memory: UNIMPAIRED (can learn new skills)
Semantic memory: IMPAIRED (but less than episodic)
Episodic memory: IMPAIRED (lack of consolidation of new memories and deficit in new learning)
Retrograde amnesia: Variable length, temporal gradient

Front 121

Why are there temporal gradients in retrograde amnesia?

Back 121

1. Items not matched across decades
2. Oldest memories are like stories – more semantic than episodic (see case PZ)
3. Each recall re-treads the memory
4. Hippocampus time-limited role; more consolidated memories less dependent on hippocampus

Front 122

MEMORY:

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome and thalamic infarcts cause

Back 122

Diencephalic pathology (mamillo-thalamic structures)

Front 123

MEMORY:

Encephalitis.
Anoxic brain damage.
Neurosurgical lesions

can cause what sort of pathology

Back 123

Medial temporal lobes pathology (hippocampi)

Front 124

What are the four reasons we forget?

Back 124

1. POOR ENCODING. Information not processed adequately at encoding – pay attention!
2. SIMILARITY. Similarity between context of learning and later retrieval (learn better in same context.
3. CAN'T FIND STORED INFORMATION. Difficulty in finding the information again rather than storing it.
4. INHIBIT. Some memories we voluntarily ‘forget’ or inhibit (e.g, PTSD)

Front 125

What are the four roles of the PFC in memory?

Back 125

1. Working memory
2. Prospective (strategic) memory
3. Memory for temporal order
4. Source memory

Front 126

WM and PFC contribute to __________ and __________ aspects of memory – organization, selection, monitoring & evaluation of processing at encoding & retrieval.

Back 126

WM and PFC contribute to STRATEGIC & EXECUTIVE aspects of memory – organization, selection, monitoring & evaluation of processing at encoding & retrieval.

Front 127

WM involves maintenance and processing. What part of the brain does WM activate?

Back 127

pre-frontal cortex (PFC)

Maintenance activates ventrolateral PFC (episodic buffer maintaining info on-line)

Manipulation activates dorsolateral PFC (central executive attention)

Most everyday tasks require BOTH functions

Front 128

Working memory:

Maintenance activates ______________ PFC (episodic buffer maintaining info on-line)

Back 128

VENTROLATERAL PFC

Front 129

Working memory:

Manipulation activates ________________ PFC (central executive attention)

Back 129

Dorsolateral PFC

Front 130

Words correct on 15-word list –
9, 13, 13, 15, 15
Immediate recall 9, Delayed recall 11
Recognition true positives 14
Recognition false positives 7
Learning index unimpaired
Forgetting not rapid

WHERE'S THE DEFICIT?

Back 130

High susceptibility to interference, source memory deficit.

Front 131

The most frequently reported memory deficit is the failure to.....

Back 131

carry out intended actions (Prospective memory).

Front 132

Prospective memory requires an interaction between what two cognitive processes?

Back 132

Attention and memory. Prospective memory breaks down if either cognitive system is impaired.

Front 133

What complex behavior/memory process breaks down early in dementia?

Back 133

Prospective memory.

Front 134

What sort of things would you consider in determining whether a memory disorder is psychogenic or organic?

Back 134

1. History
2. Is there a triggering episode – stressful event
3. Is sense of self retained? – The Bourne Identity – complete loss of self-identity
4. Is there selective retrograde amnesia?
5. Does pattern of deficit make theoretical sense? recognition vs. retrieval

Front 135

Why do we need memory models?

Back 135

1. Theories allow predictions about memory performance
2. This can be used in rehabilitation
3. Theories are informed by case studies and observations e.g. errors in eye-witness testimonies
4. Models of memory are dynamic; constantly evolving in light of new evidence from neuroscience, neuropsychology and everyday observations.

Front 136

Define: Perception

Back 136

Perception is the acquisition and processing of sensory
information in order to see/hear/taste/feel objects in the world.

Perception uses previous knowledge to
gather and interpret stimuli registered by your
senses. Perception combines visual stimuli (outside
world) with previous knowledge (inner world)

Front 137

How long does it take to interpret new visual scenes?

Back 137

Within 100-200msec (incredibly fast!)

Front 138

Perceptual segregation: the human visual system is
designed to impose organisation on the visual
environment. True or False?

Back 138

True.

Front 139

We organise what we see, presuming that it forms
patterns rather than random arrangements. True or False?

Back 139

True

Front 140

Your perceptual system doesn't allow you to simultaneously perceive the two images at the same time, so imposes a __________ ___________ on the stimulus: one part of it always stands out & the remainder recedes.

Back 140

Your perceptual system doesn't allow you to simultaneously perceive the two images at the same time, so imposes a GESTALT ORGANIZATION on the stimulus: one part of it always stands out & the remainder recedes.

Front 141

What are agnosias?

Back 141

Agnosias are object recognition disorders.

Front 142

What are apperceptive agnosias?

Back 142

Patients with apperceptive agnosias are unable to recognise objects as a result of occipito-temporal damage (basic visual functions, such as acuity, brightness discrimination, are intact).

Front 143

Apperceptive agnosics are unable to distinguish __________ __________, so may evidence difficulty recognising, discriminating, matching and copying visual stimuli.

Back 143

Apperceptive agnosics are unable to distinguish VISUAL SHAPES, so may evidence difficulty recognising, discriminating, matching and copying visual stimuli.

Such patients can sometimes identify objects by using cues (e.g., relative size, texture, colour) and draw inferences about object identity based on those cues.

Front 144

Pt.

SZ was allowed to comment over 10 minutes. He said: ‘‘I see a whole bunch of lines. Are there animals in this?’’ A minute later, he said: ‘‘Something tells me there are animals in this.’’ Approximately 2 minutes
later, he noted: ‘‘I can see a white background and black lines . . . lines up here and lines down here.’’ Several minutes later, he observed: ‘‘But the
Gestalt: I can’t make sense of it.’’ His performance was very slow and tedious. He tried to feel the picture and attempted to trace the contours with his index finger. This did not help him recognize any elements of the picture since his finger tracing corresponded to the black lines only occasionally.

Back 144

What disorder?

APPERCEPTIVE AGNOSIA.

Front 145

Some patients have __________ __________ a specific inability to analyse visual form, though they can perceive the individual features of objects.

Back 145

Apperceptive agnosia.

Front 146

__________ _____________ is an apperceptive agnosia in which individuals can perceive the local parts or components of an object, but are unable to bind or integrate those parts into a unified whole.

Back 146

INTEGRATIVE AGNOSIA is an apperceptive agnosia in which individuals can perceive the local parts or components of an object, but are unable to bind or integrate those parts into a unified whole.

Patients with integrative agnosia thus have difficulty recognising objects, and may use guesswork based on local parts to try to identify objects e.g., patient R.N. identified a harmonica as a “computer”

Front 147

Individuals with apperceptive agnosia have a significant deficit in ____________ of visual form components.

Back 147

Integration

Front 148

Object constancy is a crucial component of object recognition: It involves....

Back 148

the ability to recognise objects from DIFFERENT VIEWPOINTS and under different lighting conditions

E.g., looking at a bike from different directions.

Front 149

Research using rotated objects suggests that we store a canonical representation of an object in memory, and then rotate of visual image to match the canonical view. True or false?

Back 149

True

Front 150

Object constancy impairments:

Following ________ _________ insult, some visual agnosic patients exhibit particular deficits in recognising objects presented in unusual views, but are unimpaired for usual views

Back 150

RIGHT PARIETAL

Front 151

Object orientation agnosia is an object constancy impairment in which patients can successfully name objects, but are unable to...

Back 151

...determine whether they're in the correct orientation or decide whether two objects are in the same orientation.

It is caused by RIGHT PARIETAL damage.

Orientation agnosic patients may accurately copy a drawing, but rotate it by 90-180 degrees, relative to the model.

This phenomenon has been taken as
evidence to suggest that our recognition
system is insensitive to orientation:
object identity is unchanged by changes
in orientation

Front 152

Associative Agnosias: Define:

Back 152

Associative agnosia is a disorder that involves problems in associating perceptual representations with stored
memory (i.e., general knowledge).

Front 153

Associate agnosiacs can see clearly, but can't

Back 153

recognise or give meaning to what they see.

Front 154

Associative agnosia is caused by damage to

Back 154

the left occipitotemporal region, and may also involve damage to the splenium.

Front 155

The fact that associative agnosics can draw accurate copies of objects that they can’t recognise, confirms that _____________ _____________ are intact

Back 155

Perceptual processes are intact!

Front 156

Some individuals associative agnosia have greater a greater deficit for visual objects than visual living things. True or False?

Back 156

True (e.g., some name name objects from specific categories e.g., tools, living things).

Front 157

Optic Aphasia define:

Back 157

A deficit in naming visually-presented objects following left occipito-temporal lesion.

Front 158

A lesion where might cause optic aphasia?

Back 158

left occipito-temporal lesion.

Front 159

Individuals with optic aphasia can't name visually presented objects. Can they pantomime what they are used for?

Back 159

Yes. They are able to successfully pantomime how the object would be used and can name objects based on verbal definitions or via tactile manipulation
(hence distinguishing optic aphasia from anomia).

Optic aphasic patients often misname visually presented objects, but can successfully pantomime how the object would be used.

Accurate gesturing suggests that semantic access
is intact (patients can also name objects from
verbal definitions)

Optic aphasia suggests that the semantic system
is modality specific – i.e., we have semantic
systems

Access from visual semantics to name information
is impaired, whereas access from verbal
semantics to names is intact

Front 160

Anomia: Define

Back 160

A type of aphasia characterized by problems recalling words or names.

Front 161

Access from visual semantics to name information
is impaired, whereas access from verbal
semantics to names is intact. Which disorder?

Back 161

Optic Aphasia

Front 162

What is the crucial difference between associative agnosia and optic aphasia?

Back 162

Optic aphasic patients can recognize objects nonverbally (e.g., pantomime) and can successfully sort visual stimuli by category

Associative agnosic patients are also exquisitely sensitive to the visual quality of the stimulus, performing much better for real objects than for photographs or drawings – optic aphasic patients perform equally poorly in response to all visual stimulus types.

Finally, optic aphasics tend to make semantic errors (e.g., lettuce – cucumber) whereas associative agnosia patients tend to commit visual errors (e.g., snake – hose)

Front 163

Construct:

Disorders involving a loss of knowledge

Back 163

Agnosias

Front 164

Construct:
deficit in perceptual processing – exhibit problems
in recognising/copying/matching visual objects, but can recognise items from other modalities (e.g., tactile). Can result from left occipito-temporal
lesions (binding problems) or right parietal lesions (object constancy/orientation problems)

Back 164

Apperceptive agnosias

Front 165

Construct
deficit involving stored visual memory representations. Associative agnosics can typically copy well, but cannot recognise items from visual information as they’ve lost the ability to link the perceptual input to stored semantic information (i.e., seeing without meaning). Result from damage to the left occipito-temporal region, and may also involve damage to the splenium.

Back 165

Associative agnosia

Front 166

Construct:
disorder resulting from damage to the right parietal lobe. Patients ignore the left side of space due to a deficit in attention rather than a deficit in low-level perception. Originally thought to offer support for
space-based theories of attention, but there is also evidence supporting object-based theories.

Back 166

Unilateral neglect

Front 167

Construct: spatial disorder of attention that typically results following bilateral parietal damage. Patients are functionally blind, being only able to perceive one object at a time (simultanagnosia), have difficulty
making voluntary eye movements (optic ataxia) and show deficits in making motor movements toward objects (optic apraxia)

Back 167

Balint’s syndrome

Front 168

CONSTRUCT: attentional binding ‘disorder’ in which in which stimulation of one sensory modality leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second modality (most commonly grapheme-colour, and music-colour)

Back 168

Synaesthesia

Front 169

CONSTRUCT:
Disorder involving decoupling of intention and action: patients exhibit hand/arm behaviours that are not under voluntary control

Back 169

Alien Hand Syndrome

Front 170

Parkinson’s disease is a _____________ disorder, Huntington’s disease and Tourette's syndrome are _______________.

Back 170

Parkinson’s disease is a Hypokinetic disorder, Huntington’s disease and Tourette's syndrome are Hyperkinetic.

Front 171

Speech emerged 100,000 years ago.

Writing evolved how many years ago?

Back 171

Less than 10,000 words ago.

Kids learn to speak effortlessly but writing requires explicit instruction and modelling (it's a lot harder!)

Front 172

Construct:
the smallest (atomic) unit in written language, i.e.,
letters.

Back 172

Grapheme.

In English, multiple graphemes correspond to one phoneme e.g., ‘ship’ contains 4 graphemes (s h i p), 3 phonemes (sh i p) ‘itchy’ contains 5 graphemes (i t c h y), 3 phonemes (i tch y)

Some languages are orthographically transparent, e.g., Italian, Finnish Each grapheme corresponds to one
phoneme & vice versa.

Front 173

In English, the relationship between graphemes and phonemes is more ___________

Back 173

Complex.

A single phoneme can be represented by different graphemes:
e.g., ‘two’, ‘too’, ‘to’, ‘threw’, ‘through’, ‘blue’
A single grapheme can represent different phonemes:
e.g., ‘o’ in ‘throw’, ‘ought’, ‘now’, ‘not’

Front 174

The dual route model of reading contains two routes, what are they?

Back 174

Direct route (lexical route)
> like dictionary look up procedure
MUST be used for irregular words
CAN be used for regular words


Indirect route (grapheme-phoneme conversion route)
> applies rules to convert orthography to phonology
MUST be used for nonwords
CAN be used for regular words
GENERATES regularlization errors if used for irregular
words

Front 175

Construct:
____________ ___________ result from head injury, stroke or other lesion, lead to a disruption of reading processes that were normal before cerebral insult

Back 175

Acquired dyslexias,

Front 176

Construct:

Selective impairment in ability to read irregular words
(e.g., steak vs. speak)

Make overregularization errors in response to irregular words

Reading of regular words and nonwords is intact

Back 176

Surface Dyslexia

Front 177

Construct:

Selective impairment in ability to read pronounceable
nonwords (e.g., sleeb)

They read irregular words correctly

Reading of regular words is similarly intact

Back 177

Phonological dyslexia

Front 178

Existence of surface & phonological dyslexia provide a classic ____________ _____________.

Back 178

double dissociation

Front 179

How do we name a visual stimulus?

Back 179

•STEP 1 : encode the stimulus
(early visual processing)
•STEP 2 : select appropriate
semantic representation
•STEP 3 : translate preverbal
conceptual message into lexical
representation
•STEP 4 : retrieve phonological
representation that corresponds
to lexical representation, &
articulate

Front 180

Language:

Naming requires at least 2 levels of representation:
These are?

Back 180

Naming requires at least 2 levels of representation:
Semantic representation
Lexical representation

Levels of representation can be independently damaged:
•Patients may produce semantic errors (e.g., tiger – lion) across all output modalities ® implies damage to the semantic system (Hillis et al., 1990)

•Patients may have modality-specific naming deficits affecting only oral (Caramazza & Hillis, 1990) or written output (Hillis et al., 1999) ® implies damage to the phonologic or orthographic output lexicon

Front 181

Construct:
impairment in word retrieval for objects/pictures (a common feature of all types of aphasia)

Back 181

Anomia

Word finding difficulties are evident in spontaneous speech and confrontation naming tasks (used for treatment & assessment), causing patient to rely on circumlocutions (speaking in a roundabout fashion)

Front 182

Like aphasia, __________ often presents following strokes involving the left middle cerebral artery, causing damage to the left temporol/parietal region.

Back 182

Anomia.

Anomias can be very specific, affecting only a certain class of words, such as verbs (averbia), or the ability to read (alexia), or name colours (colour anomia).

Some bilingual patients exhibit anomia in only one of their languages.

Front 183

In assessment of Anomia, it is important to compare performance in different modalities to pinpoint the deficit (AND to highlight intact systems that
may be relied upon in treatment and rehabilitation)

Back 183

NAMING ASSESSMENT: should test single word processing with varied INPUT (written, spoken, object, gesture) and OUTPUT modalities (written, spoken, gesture)

Front 184

The following are all important __________ Ax tasks.

Oral picture naming
Written picture naming
Oral naming to spoken definitions
Oral word reading
Writing to dictation
Auditory word-to-picture matching
Written word-to-picture matching

Back 184

Anomia.

By examining patient performance across modalities on a variety of lexical and semantic tasks, one can determine whether the anomic patient has a
semantic deficit, or a phonological output deficit

Front 185

According to the Dual Route model, there are two ways of reading words: the lexical route and the sublexical (grapheme-phoneme correspondence) route

How is each route used?

Back 185

Lexical route is used to read all words, whether regular or irregular;

Sublexical route can be used to read regular words and nonwords

Front 186

surface dyslexia =

Back 186

Inability to read irregular words.

Front 187

phonological dyslexia =

Back 187

Inability to read nonwords

Front 188

Construct:

a word-finding deficit (extremely common in patients with aphasia) involving impairment of naming objects/pictures. Anomias typically result following left temporal/parietal stroke, following middle cerebral artery infarct.

Back 188

Anomia. Extremely common in patients with aphasia.

Front 189

We understand speech at a rate of __ phonemes per
second

Back 189

20 phonemes per second.

The best speech recognition system is the human brain We recognise speech fast and effortlessly (usually).

Front 190

We can recognise spoken words in context ____ msec
from their onset.

Back 190

200 msecs

Front 191

In speech perception, the brain translates neural signal into _____________, the basic components of speech

Back 191

phonemes


Phonemes combine to form words
Changing phoneme changes meaning
e.g. fat > cat

Front 192

What model proposes that when recognising spoken words, we use the initial phoneme to activate ALL the words in the lexicon that begin with that phoneme?

Back 192

The Cohort model

Then, as more information (i.e., phonemes) are
received, we use that information to narrow down
the possible word contenders

The set of activated words is to the cohort o recognise a word, we must eliminate items in the cohort until only one item is left

Front 193

What is the cohort model?

Back 193

Cohort model proposes that when recognising spoken words, we use the initial phoneme to activate ALL the words in the lexicon that begin with that phoneme

Front 194

What are the three stages of the Cohort Model?

Back 194

Access, Selection, Integration

ACCESS STAGE: perceptual input is used to activate lexical items, producing the candidate cohort

SELECTION STAGE: once the cohort has been reduced to only one candidate, this item is selected from the set

INTEGRATION STAGE: semantic and syntactic properties of the chosen word are available and utilised

Front 195

According to the__________ ____________, phonemes are recognised categorically and online from left to right as they are spoken Words inconsistent with the phoneme string are eliminated from the cohort

Back 195

Cohort Model.

The uniqueness point of a word is the point at which a word can be distinguished from all other possible
words

Cohort model narrows possible contenders using both bottom-up and top-down information Initial activation comes from the initial phoneme of the word (bottom-up) Cohort can also be narrowed due to inconsistency with phoneme stream (bottom-up) & context (top-down)

Front 196

Which model is this?

Back 196

TRACE Model

Words < > Phonemes < > Auditory Features

Features excite a set of phonemes which excite
possible words. The more one word is activated, the more it inhibits other candidates Once a word becomes more activated, it sends activation back down to consistent phonemes and features

Front 197

What does the Trace model assume in terms of activation?

Back 197

The TRACE Model assumes that high frequency words have higher resting (baseline) levels of activation

High frequency words thus reach the critical activation level for recognition faster.

Front 198

The fact that some brain damage patients have errors with vowels while others have errors in only consonants (dissociation) suggests that...

Back 198

Vowels & consonants are processed by different systems

Front 199

Define: Receptive/Wernickes aphasia

Back 199

Aphasia characterised by impairment in language comprehension, esp. spoken language comprehension.

Front 200

Aphasia characterised by impairment in language comprehension, esp. spoken language comprehension.

Back 200

Receptive/Wernicke's aphasia

•Severe impairment of spoken and
written comprehension, with fluent
speech output
•Repetition and naming impaired
•Speech output is fluent, but contains
numerous phonological and semantic
paraphasias and neologisms, as the
patients cannot monitor their speech
output for meaning or accuracy

Front 201

Rare disorder characterised by impaired auditory comprehension, with intact repetition and fluent speech

Back 201

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia

Comprehension of written and spoken speech is severely impaired and patients may exhibit echolalia

Front 202

Sparing of repetition ability distinguishes __________ _____________ aphasia from other receptive aphasias

Back 202

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia

Front 203

Construct:

Characterised by both expressive and
receptive language disorders
(involves extensive left hemisphere
damage to Broca’s area, Wernicke’s
area and the arcuate fasiculus)

Back 203

Global Aphasia

Front 204

Define: Global aphasia

Back 204

Characterised by both expressive and
receptive language disorders
(involves extensive left hemisphere
damage to Broca’s area, Wernicke’s
area and the arcuate fasiculus)

Front 205

Patients with ___________ __________ __________ can’t repeat
speech and have poor auditory comprehension

Which disorder? Where's the lesion?

Back 205

Pure Word Deafness

Lesion site: bilateral posterior superior temporal lobes (part of Wernicke’s area adjacent to Heschl’s gyrus)

BUT they can:
identify musical instruments
identify nonverbal sounds
identify gender of a voice
identify language spoken

Front 206

“I can hear you dead plain, but I cannot get
what you say. The noises are not quite natural.
I can hear but not understand"

Which disorder?

Back 206

Receptive Auditory Aphasia

Front 207

Construct: disorder in which patients can speak, read
and write normally. Hearing is normal, however they cannot understand speech

Back 207

Receptive (auditory) aphasia

Front 208

Processing approach to meaning of words argues:

Back 208

Meaning of a word is derived from a word’s associations,
i.e., how it is embedded in the network of other words

Front 209

The Semantic Network Model of word meaning is ______________.

Back 209

hierarchical.

Nodes are linked, with specific relationships between links: typically, each lower level node “is a” type of the higher level node (e.g., salmon IS A type of fish. Fish IS A type of animal) Attributes are stored at the lowest possible node for which they are true of all lower nodes in the network.

Front 210

Problems with the Semantic Network Model are:

Back 210

Not all concepts can be straightforwardly hierarchically organised (e.g., truth, justice, law)

Stimuli used in sentence verification task confound semantic distance with conjoint frequency : how frequently 2 words co-occur

Model also makes some incorrect predictions:
a) is responded to faster than b)
a) A dog is an animal
b) A dog is a mammal

This indicates that semantic memory structure does not always reflect logical category structure

Front 211

What happens with Category Specific Semantic Disorders?

Back 211

brain damage disrupts knowledge about
particular semantic categories, leaving others intact.

Patients worse at knowledge/naming re: living than nonliving items

Patients worse at knowledge/naming re: nonliving than living items

Some people lose fruits, proper names, medical instruments.

*******************
Differences between categories are mediated by another variable : items that are lost share an ABSTRACT/PERCEPTUAL quality JBR (Warrington & Shallice, 1984)
(

Front 212

Sensory Vs. Functional Theory argues that:

Back 212

Nonliving things  are distinguished by function
(what it is used for)

Living things  are distinguished by perceptual qualities
(what it looks like)

If visual (perceptual) attributes are more difficult to process than functional attributes, then categories than depend on visual attributes will be more susceptible to loss Therefore, loss of info on living things occurs more frequently

Front 213

According to Sensory Functioning Theory, Why are deficits involving living things (& things defined on the basis of perceptual features) more common?

Back 213

If visual (perceptual) attributes are more difficult to process than functional attributes, then categories than depend on visual attributes will be more susceptible to loss Therefore, loss of info on living things occurs more frequently.

Front 214

A problems with Sensory Functioning Theory is that:

Back 214

If theory is correct, patients should be always be impaired on all living things and associated
categories (musical instruments, foodstuff etc.)
KR (Hart & Gordon, 1992) & JJ (Hillis & Carramazza, 1991)

Impaired for animals but not foodstuffs
PS (Hillis & Carramazza, 1991)

Impaired for foodstuffs but not animals
Felicia (De Renzi & Lucchelli, 1994)

Impaired for animals but not musical instruments
Animals can be damaged independently of plants, and
plants can be damaged independently of animals

Front 215

Speech processing appears effortless but segmenting speech is cognitively challenging. True or false?

Back 215

True

Front 216

Which Model?

When we hear a spoken word, we narrow down the cohort of possible contenders as new evidence arrives until only one word remains.

Back 216

Cohort Model.

Front 217

Which Model?

connectionist model of spoken word recognition (akin to interactive activation for visual word recognition). Features excite phonemes which excite words

Back 217

Trace Model.

Front 218

Which aphasia involves impairments in speech comprehension?

Back 218

Receptive (auditory) aphasias (including Wernicke's)

Front 219

Which aphasia?

Retain intact repetition, but cannot comprehend speech; patients with Wernicke’s aphasia, global aphasia and pure word deafness cannot repeat speech. Patients with Wernicke’s apahsia lose the
ability to write intelligible sentences whereas this ability is retained in patients with pure word deafness

Back 219

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia

Front 220

Which Model:

has hierarchical arrangement of nodes, with attributes stored at the lowest node for which they are true of all lower nodes?

Back 220

Semantic Network Model

Front 221

Which Theory?

suggests that nonliving items are discriminated on the
basis of function (what they do), whilst living things are discriminated on the basis
of perceptual quality (what they look like)

Back 221

Sensory – functional theory

Front 222

Language deficits associated with damage
to the right hemisphere (RHD) are _______ than
those following LHD, and thus were less likely to come to the attention of clinicians

Back 222

more subtle.

However, damage to the right hemisphere (RHD) can also affect language and communication, impacting daily function, social interaction, and quality of life

Front 223

Right Hemisphere Damage

Superficially, RHD patients retain the basics of language, however closer inspection reveals that they lack understanding of:

Back 223

•The context of an utterance

•The pre-suppositions entailed by an utterance

•The tone of the communicative exchange

At least 50% of RHD patients exhibit a verbal communication deficit (Joanette & Goulet, 1994)

Front 224

Language impairments following right hemisphere lesion are most likely following right ______ infarct

Back 224

MCA infarct.

Front 225

RHD patients’ performance may be confounded by concomitant deficits including:

Back 225

hemispatial neglect
visuospatial difficulties
general slowing

Unilateral neglect is a condition in which patients fail
to attend and respond to stimuli on one side of the
body 30%-60% of RHD patients.

Front 226

Speech of patients with______ has been described as:

•excessive
•rambling
•inappropriate
•off colour
•confabulatory
•irrelevant
•literal
•sometimes bizarre

Back 226

Right hemisphere damage.

Front 227

Nonliteral language processing:

Pragmatics involves the context-appropriate social use of language. The message conveyed by a sentence is more than just the sum of its parts. . .

The ability to produce and interpret discourse relies on our ability to make cohesive and coherent ties between phrases, establishing connections within and between sentences to draw out the overall meaning conveyed.

Damage to what hemisphere will cause a problem with this?

Back 227

RHD

Front 228

Direct and indirect speech. RHD patients tend to interpreted indirect speech ____________, without taking ___________information into account

Back 228

RHD patients tend to interpreted indirect speech LITERALLY, without taking CONTEXTUAL information into account

E.g

(Please) close the window.
Could you close the window?
Would you mind closing the window?
I would like you to close the window.
It would be nice if someone closed that window.
It's cold in here.
The window is still open!
I must have asked you a hundred times to keep that
window closed!

Front 229

PRAGMATICS: When describing a scene, (e.g., Cookie Theft) RHD patients will...

Back 229

use fewer interpretive concepts and produce a large number of irrelevant comments (than controls)

Front 230

RHD patients have difficulties interpreting what sort of language?

Back 230

nonliteral language / indirect requests.

If asked ‘could you open the
window?’ or ‘can you answer the
phone?’, a patient with RHD may
simply answer ‘yes’
The indicates an inability to base an
interpretation on the context

Front 231

Humor:

RHD patients have difficulties interpreting nonliteral language and therefore cannot select...

Back 231

select punchlines for jokes.

Front 232

Who has difficulty interpreting non-literal language
e.g., recognizing irony or sarcasm?


Nice hat”
“ So good of you to arrive on time”
“I've had a perfectly wonderful
evening. But this wasn't it.”
“Well, that's just great”
“Fine”

Back 232

RHD patients.

Front 233

RHD patients have difficulties interpreting nonliteral language including interpreting idioms/metaphors

True or False?

Back 233

True.

They will have great difficulty with


I’m going to hit the roof
He went bananas
I could eat a horse
Cool it
Cute as a bug’s ear
Dirt poor
Hit the hay
I’ll have your head on a platter

Front 234

RHD patients perform poorly on semantic judgment tasks involving metaphoric or ____________ meanings, but perform as well as LHD patients for semantic judgments involving literal or affectively neutral meanings

Back 234

RHD patients perform poorly on semantic judgment tasks involving metaphoric or EMOTIONAL meanings, but perform as well as LHD patients for semantic judgments involving literal or affectively neutral meanings

Front 235

RHD patients often miss ______ language and ________ expression cues that we use to figure out the true intention and emotional state of the
people we interact with.

Back 235

RHD patients often miss BODY language and FACIAL expression cues that we use to figure out the true intention and emotional state of the
people we interact with.

Front 236

Describe the affect and speech of an RHD patient.

Does it reflect their mood state?

Back 236

Flat affect / monotonous speech.

No. Does not necessarily reflect depressed mood but is a specific prosodic deficit.

Front 237

Prosody is the “melody of language. What does prosody encompass?

Back 237

Pitch, stress and rhythm that allow us to
communicate meaning, for example, emotion, extralinguistically.

RHD are less proficient in conveying emphasis to listeners as such patients exploit fewer than normal cues to communicate emphasis in their utterances.

Front 238

Construct:

Speech with a flattened emotional tone, even when describing personal experiences likely to elicit strong emotion (e.g., murder of family member, liberation from concentration camp)

Back 238

APROSODIA.

prosodic patients also have difficulty
interpreting the emotional tone in speech
produced by others. Common in RHD individuals

Front 239

Aprosodic patients do not lose the knowledge of how emotional representations are vocally encoded; they have difficulty in ‘fine tuning’ the ____________ ___________ of their emotional utterances.

Back 239

Aprosodic patients do not lose the knowledge of how emotional representations are vocally encoded; they have difficulty in ‘fine tuning’ the ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES of their emotional utterances.

This decreases distinguishability
between neutral and emotive
exemplars and leads to the often
reported impression of reduced
emotional inflection or flattened
affect in patients with RH damage
(Pell, 1999)

Front 240

Research suggests that the intact right hemisphere may play a role in recovery from ___________ following LHD.

Back 240

Research suggests that the intact right hemisphere may play a role in recovery from APHASIA following LHD.

RH steps up to the plate!!

Front 241

Rehabilitation for RHD language disorders might involve

a) Stimulate recovery of function, or
b) Teach the patient to compensate?

How would you do this?

Back 241

e.g., If a patient can’t recognise the theme of a story, he/she is given less complex versions of the same task and analytic rules for approaching it

Stimulation of underlying processes involves working in novel ways to challenge the limits of the patient’s abilities

Front 242

In determining language deficits in RHD,
It's important to consider:

Back 242

1) Failure to integrate story elements into an overall theme
2) Failure to appreciate contextual cues
3) Failure to use contextual cues
4) Failure to distinguish the important from the trivial

Front 243

RHD patients have difficulty with linguistic information: interpreting, integrating and
organizing.

They deal with linguistic elements literally and analytically, and are unable to get a sense of, or
make use of, the overall picture/context. This leads to deficits in interpreting indirect requests, humour, metaphor, sarcasm etc.

Beyond pragmatics, RHD patients have problems with the prosodic components of language, both production and interpretation

Because communication deficits associated with RHD are not as obvious as those following LHD, there has been little research and theory developed to date

Hence there is a danger that RHD linguistic deficits will be overlooked by clinicians

Back 243

Read again!

Front 244

Patient is describing what?

"While travelling, I had a stopover at O'Hare and I was approached by a stranger… It took 10-15 seconds of
casual conversation before realizing who it was. It was my brother.”

"If you can't recognise people, you feel like you're socially inept. You're always worrying that people will think you rude or aloof…

I remember going to a job interview and the dark-suited man who'd been interviewing me left the room, and when he came back I picked up the conversation where we'd left it, not realising it was completely different dark-suited man. I didn't get the job…”

“To admit you can't recognise your own husband is shameful."

Back 244

Prosopagnosias (AKA Face blindness)

Front 245

CONSTRUCT:
selective inability to recognize familiar
faces visually

Back 245

Prosopagnosia (AKA FACE BLINDNESS)

Front 246

In Prosopagnosia, the patients’ other perceptual and
cognitive functions are typically ______.

Back 246

intact.

Front 247

What do prosopagnosia patients rely on to recognize people?

Back 247

other cues e.g., voice, clothing, hair, gait.

Front 248

Most prosopagnosic patients can see faces, but they
have no __________.

Back 248

Meaning

Front 249

Prosopagnosic patients cannot link the percept (face) to what about the person?

Back 249

Semantic knowledge. They cannot link the face to their semantic knowledge.

Front 250

Prosopagnosia typically results following damage to a number of different brain regions, including:

Back 250

Bilateral occipitotemporal damage (incl. inferior temporo-occipital cortex, and lingual and fusiform gyri)
Unilateral right hemisphere lesion in the equivalent .

Front 251

CONSTRUCT:

Failure to generate a sufficiently accurate percept to allow a successful match to stores of previously seen faces

Back 251

Apperceptive prosopagnosia

Front 252

Define Apperceptive prosopagnosia:

Back 252

Failure to generate a sufficiently accurate percept to allow a successful match to stores of previously seen faces

Front 253

Construct:
accurate percept, but failure to match because of loss of facial memory stores or disconnection from them

Back 253

Associative prosopagnosia:

Front 254

Define: Associative prosopagnosia:

Back 254

accurate percept, but failure to match because of loss of facial memory stores or disconnection from them

Front 255

Apperceptive prosopagnosia may reflect breakdown at the ____________ ______________ ____________.

Back 255

Apperceptive prosopagnosia may reflect breakdown at the STRUCTURAL ENCODING STAGE.

e.g., Bodamer’s (1947)
prosopagnosic patient reported that all faces looked like a “flat oval white plate(s) with dark
eyes”

Humphreys & Riddoch’s (1987) patient HJA had difficulty integrating facial features into coherent wholes : the various features seem independent of one another rather than forming a unified, whole face (Farah, 2004)

Front 256

Apperceptive prosopagnosia: Where is the breakdown?

Back 256

“Associative” prosopagnosia reflects breakdown of FRUs, PINs or the links between them.

Unlike patients with apperceptive prosopagnosia, associative prosopagnosics can match faces
and recognise facial emotions, however they cannot link this information to semantic knowledge
about the person.

Front 257

patients with delusional misidentification syndromes (e.g., Fregoli delusion, Capgras delusion) may have faulty links between structural encoding and ____ / _____.

Back 257

FRUs/PINs

Front 258

Apperceptive prosopagnosia: Where is the breakdown?

Back 258

STRUCTURAL ENCODING: View centred descriptions/ Expression independent descriptions.

Front 259

CONSTRUCT:

Delusion that certain other people, usually close relatives, have been replaced by impostors e.g., secret services, Martians, robots, clones

Patients often recognize their claim as difficult
for others to believe, but this does not stop
them believing it

Back 259

Capgras syndrome (Capgras delusion)

Front 260

Define: Capgras syndrome (Capgras delusion)

Back 260

Delusion that certain other people, usually close relatives, have been replaced by impostors e.g., secret services, Martians, robots, clones

Patients often recognize their claim as difficult
for others to believe, but this does not stop
them believing it

Front 261

Patient: What disorder?

“She reported auditory hallucinations of her father’s voice giving orders and insulting her. . . [she had] the delusional belief that her father had died and been replaced by a double, who had the same physical appearance as her father but he differed from him psychologically,”

Back 261

Capgras syndrome (Capgras delusion)

Front 262

What disorder?

“There’s been someone like my son’s double which isn’t my son at all. . . I can tell my son because my son’s different. . . But you’ve got to be very quick to notice it you see.”

Back 262

Capgras Syndrome

Front 263

___________ ___________ results from a patient’s attempt to make sense of abnormal perceptual experiences in which things appear strange and devoid of
affective significance

Back 263

Capgras delusion results from a patient’s attempt to make sense of abnormal perceptual experiences in which things appear strange and devoid of affective significance.

Front 264

_________ __________ has been theorised as the opposite
of prosopagnosia.

Back 264

Capgras Syndrome

In prosopagnosia, overt recognition of faces is
impaired but autonomic responses are spared

In Capgras syndrome, recognition is OK but autonomic
responses to familiar faces are lost

Front 265

In prosopagnosia, _____ __________ of faces is
impaired but autonomic responses are spared

In Capgras syndrome, recognition is OK but _____________ ___________ to familiar faces are lost

Back 265

In prosopagnosia, overt recognition of faces is
impaired but autonomic responses are spared

In Capgras syndrome, recognition is OK but autonomic
responses to familiar faces are lost

Front 266

CAPGRAS SYNDROME:

Ellis & Young’s (1990) thesis for the fact that Capgras
delusion typically affects the recognition of close relatives:

Back 266

one would normally expect the largest autonomic response for these people. The absence of an autonomic response for a familiar face would
be very disconcerting, hence the feeling that things are not as they

Hirstein & Ramachandran (1997) offer support: their patient claimed his parents were imposters when he spoke to them in person, but treated them as his real
parents when he spoke to them on the telephone – consistent with the delusion resulting from discrepant visual information (Young, 2000)

Front 267

Patients with schizophrenia exhibit deficits in perceiving _________.

Back 267

Faces

Results indicated that people with schizophrenia were significantly slower than control participants in
making the ‘same/different’ decision People with schizophrenia also made more face recognition errors than control participants.

Front 268

Williams et al. (1999) examined the eye gaze patterns of patients with schizophrenia when perceiving faces:
The results suggest that individuals with schizophrenia

Back 268

DO NOT CONCENTRATE ON SALIENT FEATURES and had a restricted scan path.

This suggests that patients with schizophrenia have a
specific deficit in the visual scanning of faces

Front 269

Which SYNDROME?

a rare genetic disorder (1/25,000) causing a variety of
medical and developmental problems
Associated with very low IQ (~50), with
serious deficits in spatial cognition, numbers,
planning, and problem-solving, but fluent and
articulate language and face processing
Indeed, infants with WS pay far more attention
to faces than objects (Bellugi et al., 2000)

Back 269

Williams Syndrome

Front 270

Williams Syndrome pts pay extra attention to faces, allowing them to attain __________ face processing scores.

Back 270

Williams Syndrome pts pay extra attention to faces, allowing them to attain NORMAL face processing scores.

Front 271

Williams Syndrome rely on ___________ rather than ___________ analysis.

Back 271

Williams Syndrome rely on FEATURAL analysis rather than CONFIGURAL analysis.

They are LESS susceptible to the Margaret Thatcher/inversion effect.

Front 272

Which disorder?

Marked deficits in reciprocal social interaction and
communication, as well as an abnormality in face processing

Back 272

AUTISM

People with AD don’t pay attention to faces. This face inattention is evident from infancy. Children with AD are abnormally delayed in attaining face-related social milestones (e.g., looking at another’s face to share
experience/gauge reaction).

Front 273

Williams Syndrome and Autism pts both rely heavily on ____________ processing for face recognition.

Back 273

FEATURAL.

Front 274

Children with AD are significantly better than controls at recognising faces based on an isolated view of the _______.

Other studies show that normal individuals are better at recognising faces from the _______ (e.g., Sergent, 1984)

Back 274

AD = Mouth. Normal = eyes

Front 275

Functional imaging research indicates that people with AD perceive faces using different neural systems than normal controls.

Which brain areas are implicated?

Back 275

They found abnormally weak/no activation in the fusiform gyrus in the adults with AD, and reduced activation in the inferior occipital gyri, superior temporal sulcus and the amygdala,

Front 276

Which syndrome:

the delusion that certain other people, usually close
relatives, have been replaced by imposters – it results from right occipitotemporal lesions (like prosopagnosia), and appears to reflect normal
recognition but abnormal autonomic response to familiar faces

Back 276

Capgras syndrome

Front 277

CONSTRUCT:

a selective inability to recognize familiar
faces from vision, resulting from unilateral right hemisphere, or bilateral, occipito-temporal damage.

Back 277

Prosopagnosia

Front 278

____________ ___________ show difficulty
perceiving faces (unable to put the parts together)

Back 278

Apperceptive prosopagnosics(!!) show difficulty
perceiving faces (unable to put the parts together)

Front 279

______________ _____________ can perceive/match faces but are unable to retrieve semantic information linked to faces

Back 279

Associative Prosopagnosics(!!) can perceive/match faces but are unable to retrieve semantic information linked to faces

Front 280

Which disorder

Patients with ________ exhibit slower and less accurate face recognition than controls. Eye gaze studies indicate that patients with ____________ fail to fixate salient features in faces and have a restricted scanpath

Back 280

Schizophrenia

Front 281

People with which disorders rely on different strategies from normal individuals when processing faces: they process featurally rather than configurally, and consequently show reduced/absent inversion effects

Back 281

Williams syndrome and autism spectrum disorders

Front 282

Construct:

Physiologically-based state involving
perception, experience, physiological
arousal, goal-directed activity and
expression

Back 282

Emotion

Front 283

What are the six basic emotions?

Back 283

joy, fear, disgust, surprise, sadness and anger

There is cross-cultural consistency in
the combinations of facial movements
(behavioural phenotypes) that make
expressions of the 6 basic emotions:
joy, fear, disgust, surprise, sadness
and anger (Ekman & Friesen, 1975)
These emotional universals are not
only present cross-culturally, but are
evident in the faces of the
congenitally blind (Izard, 1977)

Front 284

On what side of the face do we tend to display the most emotion?

Back 284

Winking, sneering, smiling : we tend to express greater emotion on the left-hand side of the face

Darwin (1872) first reported that in reactions such as ‘sneering defiance’, movement is predominantly confined to one side of the face (in this case, typically the left)

Given that the lower facial musculature is innervated contralaterally, analysis of faciomuscular activity
can offer evidence of asymmetric hemispheric
involvement in emotional control.

Pennock et al. (1999) demonstrated that given equivalent amounts of muscular activity, the left eyebrow raises higher

Front 285

CLASICALLY the ____________ hemisphere has been regarded as dominant in the control of emotion (including expressions, perception and experience), irrespective of affective valence.

This right hemisphere hypothesis is based predominantly on clinical data. Patients suffering right
hemisphere insult demonstrate greater difficulty in interpreting emotion in speech, recognising emotion-laden words, and identifying emotion in faces than patients with left hemisphere damage.

Back 285

The right hemisphere. (Nb: this is "classically").

Front 286

Patients who have suffered ______
_____________ damage have been
repeatedly reported to be less
emotionally expressive than other
patients and normal controls

Back 286

right hemisphere damage.

Front 287

Blonder et al. (1993) found that __________ ___________ damaged patients smile and laugh less than left hemisphere patients or normal controls

Back 287

right hemisphere

Front 288

Patients with _________ _____________ ___________ are less accurate in producing facial expressions,
irrespective of valence

Back 288

right hemisphere damage

Front 289

Importantly, patients with right hemisphere damage have greater difficulty that left hemisphere damaged patients in _______________ and __________________ displays of facial emotion.

Back 289

Importantly, patients with right hemisphere damage have greater difficulty that left hemisphere damaged patients in IDENTIFYING and DISCRIMINATING displays of facial emotion.

Front 290

When the __________ hemisphere is anaesthetised, patients rate emotional faces as being less intense than when the ___________ hemisphere is anaesthetised.

Back 290

When the RIGHT hemisphere is anaesthetised, patients rate emotional faces as being less intense than when the LEFT hemisphere is anaesthetised.

Front 291

Emotion:
The valence hypothesis attributes suggests that

Back 291

Opposing affective polarity to the hemispheres: the left hemisphere is argued to be dominant for positive, and the right hemisphere for negative, emotions

Support for this valence-based dissociation has been gained using various methodologies, including sodium amytal ablation, visual half field investigation, and functional imaging.

Front 292

According to the Valence Hypothesis of emotion, the _____ _______________ is argued to be dominant for positive, and the _________ ___________ for negative, emotions

Back 292

The LEFT HEMISPHER is argued to be dominant for positive, and the RIGHT HEMISPHERE for negative, emotions.

Support for this valence-based dissociation has been gained using various methodologies, including sodium amytal ablation, visual half field investigation, and functional imaging.

Front 293

Left hemisphere injury often prompts
‘______________- ____________’ reaction: feelings
of hopelessness, despair, anger and
depression

Back 293

CATASTROPHIC DYSPHORIC.

Left hemisphere injury often prompts ‘catastrophic-dysphoric’ reaction: feelings of hopelessness, despair, anger and depression.

Front 294

‘indifferent-euphoric’ reaction: euphoria, joy, placidity and minimisation of symptoms (anosagnosia) commonly occur in what sort of injury?

Back 294

Right hemisphere injury

Gainotti (1969) examined the emotional behaviour of 150 patients following unilateral lesions to the left or right hemisphere

Catastrophic-dysphoric reaction :
62% Left Hemisphere
10% Right Hemisphere


Indifferent-euphoric reaction:
38% Right Hemisphere
11% Left Hemisphere

Front 295

Patients with pathological laughing are 3 times more likely to have a ________ hemisphere lesion

Back 295

Right.

Front 296

Patients with pathological crying are twice as likely to have a ______ hemisphere lesion.

Back 296

Left

Front 297

Unilateral lesion evidence offers support for the valence hypothesis, however it has been criticised on the grounds that...

Back 297

emotional changes following left and right hemisphere lesion may not reflect disruption of the mechanisms
controlling emotion, but instead demonstrate the patients’ reactions to their deficit

Front 298

Schizophrenia patients are particularly poor at recognising what emotions?

fear, sadness and disgust, performing worse than controls on emotion recognition tests, with perception accuracy correlated with chronicity of illness and social competence.

Back 298

Fear, sadness, disgust (negative affect emotions.

Schizophrenia patients performing worse than controls on emotion recognition tests, with perception accuracy correlated with chronicity of illness and social competence.

Front 299

In schizophrenia patients,perception accuracy correlates with what two variables?

Back 299

Chronicity of illness and social competence.

Chronic + socially incompetent individuals will perform worse.

Front 300

The ____________ is crucial for the (facial emotion) processing of fear

Back 300

Amygdala.

Functional imaging research indicates that certain regions of the brain play a greater role in the recognition of specific emotions.

Front 301

Patients with schizophrenia exhibit hypoactivation in the ____________ ____________ ________, the __________ cingulate, and the ____________ cortex when viewing emotional faces.

Back 301

Patients with schizophrenia exhibit hypoactivation in the FUSIFORM FACE AREA, the ANETERIOR cingulate, and the PREFRONTAL cortex when viewing emotional faces.

Front 302

Following bilateral amygdala damage, an individual may be disproportionately impaired at recognizing what emotion (relative to other emotions)?

Back 302

Fear.

Following bilateral amygdala damage patient DR (Calder et al., 1996) was disproportionately impaired at recognizing fear relative to other emotions. She could recognize famous faces and match faces from different viewpoints. The deficit in recognizing fear extended to perception in other modalities: DR
exhibited problems in recognizing fear in voices too (i.e., categorical rather than perceptual problem).

Front 303

Patients with Huntington’s disease show poor recognition of __________ (both facial and vocal) relative to other emotion categories.

Back 303

DISGUST.

fMRI shows that disgust activates the insula: the degree of impairment in the recognition of disgust is highly correlated with the degree of damage to the insula in Huntington’s patients.

Front 304

Disgust activates which part of the brain?

Back 304

Insula.

The degree of impairment in the recognition of disgust is highly correlated with the degree of damage to the insula (particularly relevant in Huntington disease patients).

Front 305

Patients with ________ disorders have a selective deficit in recognizing facial emotion, accompanied by failure to activate the _______ ________ to the same degree as controls, even when accurately assessing facial emotion.

Back 305

Patients with MOOD disorders have a selective deficit in recognizing facial emotion, accompanied by failure to activate the RIGHT INSULA to the same degree as controls, even when accurately assessing facial emotion.

Front 306

In the context of deficits in facial emotion perception:

Depression tends to be linked to a reduction in _____ _____________ activation, as does dysthymia and induced depressed mood in normal participants.

Back 306

In the context of deficits in facial emotion perception:

Depression tends to be linked to a reduction in LEFT PREFRONTAL activation, as does dysthymia and induced depressed mood in normal participants.

Front 307

Inability to identify emotional signals severely disrupts daily life – patients may exhibit deficits in which of the following areas?

Back 307

•Taking turns in conversation
•Controlling emotional expression
(emotional lability)
•Showing empathy
•Recognising the extent of their deficits
(anosagnosia)

Front 308

When the recognition of facial expressions is impaired (e.g., in schizophrenia, Huntington's disease, following other cortical damage) the deficit may interfere with social __________ and ____________

Back 308

When the recognition of facial expressions is impaired (e.g., in schizophrenia, Huntington's disease, following other cortical damage) the deficit may interfere with social CONTACT and COMMUNICATION.

Front 309

According to Baron-Cohen (1995), humans have an innate ___-_______ ________ – this allows newborn infants to develop social competence from birth as they do not need to learn to detect eye-gaze direction

Back 309

According to Baron-Cohen (1995), humans have an innate EYE GAZE DETECTOR– this allows newborn infants to develop social competence from birth as they do not need to learn to detect eye-gaze direction

Front 310

The eye region is particularly important in communication in what three ways?

Back 310

•Communication of emotion (e.g.,smiling vs frowning)

•Establishing a communicative relationship (dyadic communication, joint attention)

•Indicating intent (gaze direction)

Front 311

What codes biologically important information about the relationships between agents of action and objects.

e.g., looking at your watch vs looking at your communicative partner

Back 311

Eye-gaze direction.

Front 312

Do people with autism have intact perception of eye-gaze information?

Back 312

Yes. However have deficits in making use
of eye-gaze information, indexing poor theory of mind (mindblindness)

Front 313

Another name for poor Theory of Mind?

Back 313

Mindblindness.

Front 314

People with autism have deficits in making use
of ______-______ _________, indexing poor theory of mind (mindblindness)

Back 314

People with autism have deficits in making use
of EYE-GAZE INFORMATION, indexing poor theory of mind (mindblindness)

Front 315

AUTISM CHOCOLATE STUDIES:

Children with autism are unable to use the eye-gaze information to predict _________ __________ or infer _______ – and such children fail to exhibit joint attention in social interactions.

Back 315

Children with autism are unable to use the eye-gaze information to predict SOCIAL BEHAVIOR or infer DESIRE – and such children fail to exhibit joint attention in social interactions

Front 316

In people with autism, brain regions involved
in gaze processing (e.g., _________ __________ _______ STS) are not sensitive to intentions conveyed by observed gaze shifts.

Back 316

Superior temporal sulcus

Front 317

Dapretto et al. (2005) presented evidence suggesting that in addition to abnormal STS (superior temporal sulcus) activation, children with autism exhibit dysfunctional __________ ________ activity when observing and imitating emotional expressions.

Back 317

MIRROR NEURON.

Dapretto et al. (2005) presented evidence suggesting that in addition to abnormal STS activation, children with autism exhibit dysfunctional MIRROR NEURON activity when observing and imitating emotional expressions

Children with autism and age/IQ matched controls were presented with faces expressing one of five emotions: anger, fear, happiness, neutrality, sadness – participants were instructed to imitate or observe the faces

Their results indicated that during imitation, normal children show strong bilateral (esp. right) activity in the pars opercularis – this is not present in the ASD children

The pars opercularis has been previously identified to have strong mirror properties – the children with ASD must therefore adopt different strategies for imitation, relying on visual/motor attention, rather than mirror
systems

Front 318

Mirror neurons are concentrated in which part of the brain?

A deficiency in mirror neuron activity is evident in which disorder?

Back 318

Pars opercularis. Autism.

Front 319

CONSTRUCT:

A physiologically-based state involving perception,
experience, physiological arousal, goal-directed activity and expression

Back 319

Emotion.

Front 320

What are the two main theories for the cortical representation of emotion?

Back 320

The right hemisphere hypothesis (RH controls all emotion), and the valence hypothesis (RH controls negative emotion and LH controls positive emotion)

Front 321

RH controls negative emotion and LH controls positive emotion. Which hypothesis?

Back 321

The valence hypothesis.

Front 322

The right hemisphere hypothesis (RH controls all emotion). Which hypothesis

Back 322

The right hemisphere hypothesis.

Front 323

People with ___________ exhibit poor understanding of the social/intentional relevance of eye-gaze information, resulting in poor theory of mind. Anatomically, people with __________ show reduced STS activation, and hypoactive mirror neuron systems, necessitating reliance on alternate strategies for processing emotional faces.

Back 323

Autism

Front 324

_______________ show deficits in processing fear, sadness and disgust, accompanied by hypoactivation in the FFA, anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex.

Back 324

Schizophrenics.

Front 325

bilateral amygdala lesion prompt deficits in recognising ________.

Back 325

Fear.

Front 326

People with _____________ __________ show poor recognition of disgust resulting from _________ damage.

Back 326

people with HUNTINGTON'S disease show poor recognition of disgust resulting from INSULAR damage.

Front 327

Who made this model?

Back 327

Baddeley. His version of working memory.

Front 328

Baddeley's model of working memory. Fill in the gaps.

Back 328

Central executive

Visuospatial sketchpad - Episodic buffer - Phonological loop

Visual semantics - Episodic LTM - Language

Front 329

Define neuropsychology (Glynda's definition):

Back 329

Neuropsychology is an applied science concerned with cognitive-behavioral expression of brain function (brain behaviour relationships).

It is an interdisciplinary discipline drawing on neurology, cognitive psychology, clinical psychology, and neuroscience.

Provides opportunity to observe the organization of normal cognition under conditions of impairment; the processes involved in recovery.

Front 330

Neuropsychology was recognized as a distinct discipline in which decade? Where did practitioners typically work? What was the focus of assessment?

Back 330

60s. Neurology clinics. Discrete lesions.

Tests used were flawed but had limited norms.

Front 331

What have been the major developments in neuropsychology during the past 32 years?

Back 331

Neuroimaging became available.

Training programs developed in the 70s.

More attention paid to psychometrics

The beginning of professional societies.

Focus on strengths and weaknesses (rather than just lesions)

Front 332

Some of the main presenting issues in neuropsychology and reasons for Ax?

Back 332

Road Trauma = Long term rehab.
AOD = Potential for brain recovery
Environmental Toxins = DDx
MS = Monitoring of Sx and response to Rx
Tumor = side effects of t/t
Stroke = cognitive neuropsych profiling
Parkinson's = cognition and movement
Dementia - Alzheimer's disease = early Dx and intervention

Front 333

What are the five levels of cognitive domain and their order? (Gylnda's model)

Back 333

Executive Function
Specific cognitive skills - memory, language, perception, praxis,
Comprehension - language
Attention
Consciousness

Front 334

Future of neuropsychology

Back 334

Further neuroimaging
Collaborative knowledge building
Computerized Ax
Web-based Ax
Brain training

Front 335

List some of the common neuropsychological disorders (Glynda's slides)

Back 335

Aphasia (common!)
Agnosia
Apraxia
Amnesia
Executive dysfunction (attentional control)
Dementia

Front 336

A neuropsych Ax is used to evaluate...

Back 336

the degree to which damage to the CNS may have compromised a person's cognitive, behavioural and emotional functioning. Also: The emotional response to that cognitive impairment.

Front 337

Main goals of a neuropsych Ax:

Back 337

Provide a profile of strengths and weaknesses in cognitive and behavioural abilities.

Interpret the impairment in terms of disabilities affect ADLs, and to interpret observations for patient and their families.

To provide an interpretation of neuropsych needs that can be incorporated in clinical management planning.

Document recovery or response to Tx.

To determine existing support structures/resources (family etc)

To consider potential for recruitment of resources to maximise support in managment.

Front 338

What are some of the factors affecting expression of neuropsychological impairment: Premorbid variables?

Back 338

Age (norms poor for > 80)
Cognitive Reserve
Personality Factors
Motivation
Organization of function (e.g., language in LHD)

Sensitivity of tests used

Complex tests and inference making (behavioural deficits are defined in terms of impaired test performance. But impaired test performance may be a final common pathway for expression of quite diverse types of impairment).

Front 339

the MSE is poor at...

Back 339

the very early detection of Alzheimer's Disease.

Front 340

Two main approaches to Neuropsychology:

Back 340

Batteries and single case approach on behavioural neurology.

Front 341

Strengths and weaknesses of the battery approach?

Back 341

Strengths:
Comprehensive coverage
Based on psychological models of abilities

Weaknesses:
Cumbersome, wasteful in use
Based on normal function rather than disorder
Memory functions poorly assessed
Can be insensitive

Front 342

Strengths and weaknesses of the single case approach?

Back 342

Strengths:
Ax based on years of clinical experience
Wide scope for application of clinical skills
Based on theoretical principles

Weaknesses:
Lack of standardized procedures
Depends heavily on clinical skill
Difficult to measure subtle changes

Front 343

Double dissociation

Back 343

To strengthen a single dissociation, a researcher can establish a "double dissociation", a term that was introduced by H.L. Teuber in 1955.[2] This is the demonstration that two experimental manipulations each have different effects on two dependent variables; if one manipulation affects the first variable and not the second, the other manipulation affects the second variable and not the first.[3] If one can demonstrate that a lesion in brain structure A impairs function X but not Y, and further demonstrate that a lesion to brain structure B impairs function Y but spares function X, one can make more specific inferences about brain function and function localization.

Front 344

Define aging (Glynda's definition): An interaction of biological, psychosocial and social processes.

Back 344

An interaction of biological, psychosocial and social processes.

There is a decline in some functions and growth in others.

Intra - inter- individual differences in rates of change - cognitive activity & health can sustain cognition.

Front 345

Percentage of persons aged 65 years and over as a percentage of the population. 1995 = 11.9%. 2050?

Back 345

2050 = 24.1%

Front 346

Variables important for health aging?

Back 346

Individual differences: demographic, lifestyle, cognitive resources, health)

Increasing prevalence of health problems overshadows education as predictive of cognition in very old age.

Old age is only one amongst several conditions that could be arranged on a continuum of cognitive ability.

Front 347

As people age, what happens to cognitive function across domains?

Back 347

Down:
Speed of processing down (some argue this to be the most important factor in declines in cognition)
Working memory (specific deficit)
Long term memory
Inhibition (specific deficit)
UP:
Word knowledge / crystallized intelligence.

Front 348

Differences between person with dementia and aging

Events
Words/names
Directions
Stories/TV
Old Knowledge
Everyday skills

Back 348

Events: Dem = may forget. Older person = sometimes vague

Words/names: Dem = Forgets. Older person = tip of the tongue

Directions/Stories/TV: Dem: Unable to follow. Older person = able to follow.

Old Knowledge: Dem = Loses information. Older person = slow but retains.

Everyday skills: Dem = loses capacity. Older person = retains ability

Front 349

How does aging affect memory (particularly word pairs)?

Back 349

Older person has more difficulty remembering hard/loosely associated pairs (e.g, fish-mirror vs table-chair).

Front 350

How much brain mass volume loss is there per decade?

Back 350

2% loss per decade.

There are also loses in myelination; reduction in connections among neurons; decrease in certain neurotransmitters (E.g., dopamine), and reduced blood flow.

There are large effects on PFC regions (important for attention, maintaining memories, thoughts in consciousness etc).

Front 351

What is the social cognitive explanation of reduced performance in aging?

Back 351

Expectations of stereotype of aging (stereotype threat) contribute to reduced performance.

E.g., seniors perform a lot worse on "memory" rather than "trivia" tests.

Front 352

What time should you conduct an Ax with an older person?

Back 352

In the A.M while they're at the peak.

Front 353

In terms of the mechanisms of cognitive aging, most argue there is a general decline in _________ ________, and specific deficits in __________ ___________ and ____________.

Back 353

In terms of the mechanisms of cognitive aging, most argue there is a general decline in PROCESSING SPEED_, and specific deficits in WORKING MEMORY and INHIBITION.

Front 354

The processing speed theory of cognitive decline (Salthouse) argues there are two main mechanisms. What are they?

The largest age-related differences are found on tasks which are:

Back 354

Limited time and simultaneity mechanism.


Tasks that are very difficult, even if not timed.

Front 355

What are some strategies to offset/minimise declines in WM and PS?

Back 355

Use memory cues at encoding, prompts at retrieval and writing down information, promotes improved memory performance.

Front 356

AGING:
__________ _________ processes lead to difficulty in focusing on target information and inhibiting attention to irrelevant material.

Back 356

Inefficient inhibitory

Front 357

Construct: Inability to suppress the effects of a stimulus from a previous trial

Back 357

Negative priming

Explains difficulty in following a single conversation within a multiple social conversation event.

Front 358

Working memory and Aging:

Age-related decline early in life-span on tasks requiring __________ ___________ but little decline in simple short term memory.

Back 358

Age-related decline early in life-span on tasks requiring ATTENTION PROCESSING but little decline in simple short term memory.

Front 359

Long Term Memory and Aging:

________ __________ declines but Semantic Memory (world knowledge) decline not until late adulthood.

Back 359

EPISODIC MEMORY declines but Semantic Memory (world knowledge) decline not until late adulthood.

Front 360

Implicit Memory and Aging:

What happens over time?

Back 360

Relative preservation

Front 361

Prospective Memory and Aging:

There is a decline on lab based tasks but naturalistic based tasks often an older advantage. Why?

Back 361

Lab based tasks
-younger outperform older
-often attributed to decline in executive function in older adults

Naturalistic based tasks
-older outperform young
-multiple interpretations (better routine?)

Front 362

What are key findings re: driving and older adults?

Back 362

Older adults in fewer accidents overall (BUT drive fewer miles e.g., to the shop and back)

High risk for accident per mile driven

Older adult more likely to die or be injured in crash.

Most older drivers as capable as younger. They typically act responsibly by driving more cautiously.

Front 363

Older adults have a disproportionate number of accidents at complex junctions. Why?

Back 363

Key variable appears to be decline in MULTI-TASKING ability (e.g., difficulty changing lanes at a staggered round about)

Reduced speed of processing (modest relationship with driving)
Selective attention (not a significant problem)
Ability to divide attention for dual-task - not a problem

Front 364

Neuropsych tests for older adults

Cognitive screening:
General Cognition:
MEMORY OR LEARNING:
Exec Func:
Language:
Spatial Construction:

Back 364

Neuropsych tests for older adults

Cognitive screening: MEAMS, ACE-R, MMSE
General Cognition: WAIS
MEMORY OR LEARNING: Hopkins Learning Test-R (!!), RAVLT, CVLT II
Exec Func: D-Kefs, TMT, FAS, Stroop, Color-form sort
Language: Boston Naming Test
Spatial Construction: Clock drawing

Front 365

Most older adults experience later life in a __________ _____.

Back 365

satisfying way.

Front 366

There is considerable evidence that older adults can perform well in everyday life on tasks for which they are expert or in familiar environments, despite significant __________ __________.

Back 366

There is considerable evidence that older adults can perform well in everyday life on tasks for which they are expert or in familiar environments, despite significant COGNITIVE DECLINES.

Front 367

Glynda's model of executive function:

Back 367

5 Executive Function
4 Specific cognitive skills - memory, language, perception, praxis,
3 Comprehension - language
2 Attention
1 Consciousness

Front 368

define: executive function

Back 368

Executive functions - controls processes that optimise performance in situations requiring the operation and coordination of more basic cognitive processes.

Front 369

"The frontal lobes... the programming, regulation and verification of human activity"

Which famous psychologist?

Back 369

Alexander Luria

Front 370

Functions of the dorsolateral cortex (outer surface)?

Back 370

planning, organising of activity, strategy formation, monitoring encoding and retrieval, manipulation of working memory, checking information in-mind.

Front 371

planning, organising of activity, strategy formation, monitoring encoding and retrieval, manipulation of working memory, checking information in-mind.

What part of the frontal lobes?

Back 371

dorsolateral cortex

Front 372

Functions of the Orbitomesial cortex (under surface)?

Back 372

emotion-regulation and control of inhibitions, can lead to temporal context confusion and confabulation, maintenance of semantic memory

Front 373

emotion-regulation and control of inhibitions, can lead to temporal context confusion and confabulation, maintenance of semantic memory


What part of the frontal lobes?

Back 373

Orbitomesial cortex (under surface).

Front 374

Functions of the Anterior prefrontal cortex (frontal pole)?

Back 374

multi-tasking, prospective remembering.

Front 375

multi-tasking, prospective remembering.

What part of the frontal lobes?

Back 375

Anterior prefrontal cortex (frontal pole).

Front 376

What are the characteristics of working memory?

Back 376

Limited capacity
Holds information online
Information refreshed by rehearsal or decays rapidly
specialized sub components held together by an attention mechanism - central executive.

Front 377

What is the attention allocated in Baddeley's model of working memory?

Back 377

Central Executive (think CEO allocating staff to jobs)

Front 378

What integrates information in Baddeley's model of working memory?

Back 378

Episodic buffer

Front 379

What are some tests to assess the Episodic Buffer?

Back 379

Category fluency, n-back

Front 380

A test for focussing attention and inhibition of distraction?

Back 380

Stroop

Front 381

A test for dual tasking (dividing attention)

Back 381

TEA, PASAT

Front 382

A test for set-shifting?

Back 382

TRAILS B.

Front 383

Construct: Helps with the strategic retrieval from LTM and online manipulation of attention

Back 383

Episodic Buffer

Front 384

What does the Episodic Buffer do?

Back 384

Helps with the strategic retrieval from LTM and online manipulation of attention

Front 385

What are tests of simple working memory capacity?

Back 385

DS and spatial span (forwards and backwards)

Front 386

Working memory involves _______ and _________ and activates _________ ____________.

Back 386

Working memory involves MAINTENANCE and PROCESSING and activates PRE-FRONTAL CORTEX.

Front 387

Working memory:

Maintenance activates _______________ PFC (episodic buffer maintaining info on-line).

Back 387

Maintenance activates VENTROLATERAL PFC (episodic buffer maintaining info on-line).

Front 388

Working memory:

Manipulation activates ________________ PFC (central executive attention).

Back 388

Manipulation activates DORSOLATERAL PFC (central executive attention).

Front 389

WM and PFC contribute to _____________ and ____________ aspects of memory rather than actual contents of memory - organization, selection, monitoring, and evaluation of processing at encoding and retrieval.

Back 389

WM and PFC contribute to STRATEGIC and EXECUTIVE aspects of memory rather than actual contents of memory - organization, selection, monitoring, and evaluation of processing at encoding and retrieval.

Front 390

The most frequent memory problem is failure to carry out ___________ ____________. (Prospective memory)

Back 390

The most frequent memory problem is failure to carry out INTENDED ACTIONS. (Prospective memory)

Front 391

Prospective memory requires an interaction of ___________ and ____________ - PM breaks down if either are impaired.

Back 391

Prospective memory requires an interaction of ATTENTION and MEMORY. PM breaks down if either are impaired.

Nb. Complex behaviour which is disrupted in early dementia.

Front 392

One test of error correction is...

Back 392

the Wisconsin Card Sort test.

Front 393

Supervisory Attention System components:

Back 393

A planning component that learns from its mistakes

Routine selection of routine operations is decentralized

Non-Routine selection is qualitatively different involving a general purpose supervisory system, which modulates rather than dictates operations of the rest of the system.

Front 394

The Tower of London is a test of:

Back 394

Planning and Working memory

Front 395

5 Situations where Shallice's Supervisory Attention System would be needed?

Back 395

Those which involve:
Planning or decision-making
Error correction
Dealing with novelty
Dangerous or technically difficult
Situations requiring overcoming strong HABITUAL response or where there is a need to resist tempation.

Front 396

CONSTRUCT: When faced with novelty: a process which overrides the automatic selection process (Shallice)

Back 396

Supervisory Attentional System

Front 397

Construct: Mechanism by which schemas are automatically selected to control behavior; to provide rapid, routine responses to standard requirements; automatic (Shallice)

Back 397

Content Scheduling

Front 398

CONSTRUCT: Clusters of cognitive or action units (Shallice)

Back 398

Schemas

Front 399

Summary:

Many regard the executive system as internally modular reflecting clinical dissociations and syndromes

Executive functioning represents the interrelationship between working memory and attentional control

WM And executive attention skills are concerned with the programming, regulation (attentional control) and verification of behaviour (error detection).

WM and executive attention skills cover a variety of skills that are critical to everyday life.

Most typically impaired after frontal system damage.

Back 399

Summary:

Many regard the executive system as internally modular reflecting clinical dissociations and syndromes

Executive functioning represents the interrelationship between working memory and attentional control

WM And executive attention skills are concerned with the programming, regulation (attentional control) and verification of behaviour (error detection).

WM and executive attention skills cover a variety of skills that are critical to everyday life.

Most typically impaired after frontal system damage.

Front 400

NEVER say _______ lobe damage in your reports.

Back 400

NEVER say FRONTAL lobe damage in your reports.