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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the broad functions of phase I and II reactions?
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Phase I - add a polar group
Phase II - makes conjugation products with increased water solubility |
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Three types of reactions that comprise Phase I?
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C-P450 Monooxygenase System
Flavin Containing Monooxygenase System Peroxidase dependent cooxidation |
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Four reactions that comprise Phase II?
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Glucuronidation
Methylation Conjugation Sulfation |
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classic example of C-P450 Monooxygenase system?
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Benzo[a]pyrene (cigarette smoke) is metabolized this way to a metabolite that binds DNA, leads to lung cancer
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Flavin-containing monooxygenase system - func?
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oxidizes amines and nicotine
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Peroxidase dependent cooxidation - book example?
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metabolizes 2-napthylamine (synthetic dyes) to something that causes bladder cancer)
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Glucuronidation - example?
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a phase II reaction that does napthylamine to N-hydroxy-2-napthylamine (causes bladder cancer)
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Biomethylation - example?
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turns mercury into methylmercury and leads to bioaccumulation in the food chain
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Glutathione conjugation - example?
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Vinyl Chloride - if the reactive metabolite produced by C-P450 is converted to a conjugation product by glutathione, it will be peed out. Otherwise it can bind to a cellular macromolecule and cause cancer
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What is vinyl chloride used for?
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manufacture of plastics
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Three enzymes that do alcohol->acetaldehyde and their locations?
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alcohol dehydrogenase - gastric mucosa and liver
CYP2E1 - liver Catalase - liver |
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what happens once alcohol becomes acetaldehyde?
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aldehyde dehydrogenase in the mitochondria turns it into acetic acid
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What is the classic sign of acute alcoholic hepatitis?
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Mallory bodies - they are little bundles of keratin filament proteins that stain pink and are stuck together by heat shock proteins
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In acute alcoholic hepatitis, where does the necrosis and fibrosis start?
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near the central vein, because it's mediated by hypoxia
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What are the effects of alcohol toxicity on the liver? (3)
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Fatty change
Acute hepatitis Alcoholic cirrhosis |
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What are the effects of thiamine deficiency on the nervous system? (3)
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Wernicke
Korsakoff Peripheral neuropathy |
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What are the effects of alcohol toxicity on the cardiovascular system? (1)
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cardiomyopathy
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What are the effects of alcohol toxicity on the GI tract? (2)
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gastritis
pancreatitis |
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What are the effects of alcohol toxicity on the musculoskeletal system? (1)
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rhabdomyolysis
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What are the effects of alcohol (w/unknown mechanism) on the reproductive system
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testicular atrophy
spontaneous abortion |
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What are the characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome? (3)
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growth retardation
mental retardation birth defects |
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opioid narcotics - mech?
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Mu opioid receptor agonist
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Sedative-hypnotics - mech?
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GABA receptor agonist
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psychomotor stimulants - mech
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dopamine reuptake transporter antagonist
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Phencyclidine-like drugs - mech?
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NMDA glutamate channel antagonist
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Cannabinoids - mech?
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CBI cannabinoid receptor agonist
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Nictoine - mech?
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Nicotine ACh receptor agonist
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Hallucinogens - mech?
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Serotonin receptor agonist
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Opioid narcotics - list
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Heroin
Oxycodone Methadone Meperidine |
HOMM
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Sedative-hypnotics - list
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Ethanol
Ethchlorvynol Barbiturates Methaqualone Glutethimide |
EE BMG
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Psychomotor Stimulants - list
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Cocaine
Amphetamine MDMA (ecstasy) |
CAM
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Phencyclidine-like drugs - list
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Phencyclidine
Ketamine |
PK
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Hallucinogens - list
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LSD
Mescaline Psilocybin |
LMP
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What is a Mallory-Weiss tear of the esophagus?
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Happens when alcoholics get portal HTN due to cirrohsis of the liver. Blood backs up to esophageal veins, they get huge and weak, and then tear when you puke
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What does ozone do to healthy people? (3)
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decreased lung function
increased airway reactivity lung inflammation |
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What do pretty much all the outdoor air pollutants do to asthmatics? (2)
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decreased lung function
increased hospitalizations |
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What are the three outdoor pollutants that cause increased respiratory infections in kids?
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Nitrogen dioxide
Acid aerosols Particulates |
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Effect of acid aerosols (outdoor air pollution) on healthy adults?
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altered mucociliary clearance
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What levels of CO saturation of Hb cause systemic hypoxia, and then death?
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systemic hypoxia: 25%
death: 65% |
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type of radiation emitted by radon gas?
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alpha
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Three things caused by asbestos fibers when they're inhaled?
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Lung cancer
Pleural fibrous plaques malignant mesothelioma |
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What are aliphatic hydrocarbons used for in industry and what are three examples of them?
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industrial solvents and drycleaning agents
chloroform carbon tetrachloride methylene chloride |
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Three things benzene is associated w/?
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Bone marrow toxicity
Aplastic anemia acute leukemia |
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Cancer type assoc w/vinyl chloride?
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angiosarcoma of the liver
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Where in the body does absorbed lead go?
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85% to bone
10% blood 5% soft tissue |
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blood marker of lead poisoning?
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elevated zinc protporphyrin or it's product free erythrocyte protoporphyrin
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two effects on red blood cells of lead poisoning?
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hypochromic, microcytic anemia
basophilic stipling of erythrocytes |
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Organochlorines - functions and toxicity?
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insecticide that is neuro/hepatotoxic
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organophosphates - use and toxicities?
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insecticide that causes neurotoxicity and delayed neuropathy
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Ergot alkaloids - class of toxin, source, effect
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Mycotoxin
Claviceps fungi gangrene, convulsions, abortion |
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Aflatoxins - class of toxin, source, effect
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Mycotoxin
Aspergillus flavus liver cancer |
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What is direct injury due to radiation?
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radiation directly causes single or double stranded breaks in chromosomal DNA
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What is indirect injury due to radiation?
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ionizing radiation causes radiolysis of water causes free radicals that interact w/DNA to produce mutations
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Osteomalacia - mech?
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inadequate mineralization of newly formed bone matrix in adults
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Rickets - mech?
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inadequate mineralization of: newly formed bone, and cartilage at growth plate
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Wernicke's triad of symptoms
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opthalmoplegia
ataxia mental confusion |
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