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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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MOUTH & ESOPHAGUS
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NO CHEMICAL DIGESTION
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STOMACH
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GASTRIC LIPASE
MINIMAL DIGESTION |
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SMALL INTESTINE
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BILE SECRETED BY GALLBLADDER
Composed of cholesterol and salts. Emulsifies the fat Bile increases surface area so lipases can do their work (lipase monsters trying to get to fat, bike breaks it up so all the monsters can get to it) |
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SMALL INTESTINE
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Triglycerides-->Pancreatic Lipase-->Glycerol + FA’s+ Monoglycerides
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Lipid absorption
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Absorbed into intestinal cells.
Formed into Lipoproteins (lipid transporters). Enter lymph vessels. |
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Types of lipoproteins
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1.Chylomicron
-Made in small intestine after a meal. -Transport dietary triglyceride to adipose and muscle. -Also transport fat soluble vitamins A,D,E,K to adipose. -Eventually cleared by the liver. |
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2. Low Density lipoprotein (LDL)
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Transport cholesterol from liver to cells.
“bad cholesterol”, risk of CVD. |
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3. High density lipoproteins (HDL)
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Made by liver.
Transport cholesterol from cells to liver “reverse cholesterol transport”. ↓ risk of CVD “good cholesterol”. |
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BLOOD CHOLESTEROL
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TOTAL CHOLESTEROL:
< 30 YEARS < 180 MG/DL ≥ 30 YEARS < 200 MG/DL HIGH RISK ANY AGE> 240 MG/DL BREAKDOWN: LDL < 100 HDL > 40 TRIGLYCERIDES <150 |
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RATIO
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Total Cholesterol/HDL
RESULT: > 4.5 HIGH RISK 4.5 AVERAGE RISK < 4.5 LOW RISK Example: Total cholesterol 300 HDL 85 300 ÷ 85 = 3.5 low risk |
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How to alter cholesterol levels.
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To increase HDL
Exercise! Emphasize MUFA’s To reduce LDL and triglycerides Exercise! Lose weight Reduce sat fat, emphasize MUFA’s & PUFA’s Fiber Fish Less sugar, processed carbs |
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CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE (CVD)
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Diseases of the heart and vessels.
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Types of CVD
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-Coronary Heart/Artery Disease (CHD, CAD)
Most common type, ½ of all cases. -Stroke -Hypertension (high blood pressure) -Peripheral Vascular Disease (bad circulation) |
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Mortality rates
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CVD all types:
-50 % of all annual deaths in the U.S. CHD: -25% of all annual deaths. -Most common type of CVD |
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Atherosclerosis Underlying cause of heart disease
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Disease of the arteries characterized by:
-hardening, -thickening, -degeneration, -calcification and plaque. Plaque: -calcified fat and cholesterol deposits in the arteries. Endothelium – inner lining of artery. |
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Development of atherosclerosis
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-Begins in childhood and often progresses when people grow older.
-Damage occurs to the innermost layer of the artery or endothelium. Small tears in the artery -Plaques are deposited in the damaged endothelium. -Artery walls thicken and become “hardened” (inelastic) -As a consequence, artery's diameter may shrink, resulting in disturbances in blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues. |
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Major Risk Factors uncontrollable
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-Age – 80% of those who die are >65.
-Gender – males Pre-menopausal women ½ risk of men. Post-menopausal women, same risk as a man. -Heredity – including race Higher rates in African Americans, Hispanics, some Asians, Native Americans. |
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Controllable Risk Factors
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Major:
-Smoking – increased risk 2-4 X than non. -Hypertension -High cholesterol, bad “numbers” -Inactivity Weaker link individually, dangerous combined: -Obesity, especially apples -Diabetes -Stress -Too much alcohol -Atherogenic diet (bad diet) |
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Women and CHD
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-Leading cause of death for women, kills 32% annually.
-More women than men die of heart disease each year, yet only 25% of participants in studies are women. -38% of women, 25% of men will die within one year of the first recognized heart attack. -Women twice as likely to die after bypass surgery. -35% of women, 18% of men heart attack survivors will have a second attack within 6 years. -Women who smoke will have heart attack 19 years earlier than non smokers. -Women have different symptoms. |
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Women have different symptoms
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Classic Symptoms
-Squeezing chest pain or pressure -Shortness of breath -Sweating -Tightness in chest -Pain spreading to shoulders, neck or arm -Feeling of heartburn or indigestion with or without nausea and vomiting -Sudden dizziness or brief loss of consciousness Symptoms More Likely in Women -Indigestion or gas-like pain -Dizziness, nausea or vomiting -Unexplained weakness, fatigue -Discomfort/pain between shoulder blades -Recurring chest discomfort -Sense of impending doom |
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How exercise helps decrease your risk of heart disease.
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Decrease blood pressure.
Improve cholesterol ratio. Reduce clotting and inflammation in arteries. Thin blood. Reduce body fat. Strengthen cardiovascular system. Improve circulation. |
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HYPERTENSION The Silent Killer
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1/3 of U.S. population.
Half have Essential Hypertension Other half, related to lifestyle. Average blood pressure: 120/80 Borderline Htn: 140/90 |
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Complications:
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Aortic aneurysm
Kidney failure Stroke Heart attack Enlarged left ventricle, congestive heart failure Arterial damage (atherosclerosis) |
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PROTEIN
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Proteins are made from amino acids.
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SOURCES
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BREADS, GRAINS, CEREALS 3g per ½ cup
VEGETABLES 2 per ½ cup MILK 6-8g/cup MEAT, CHEESE 7g/oz EGGS 7g/ea Which food group is not here? |
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AMINO ACIDS
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Nitrogen is essential
20 Amino Acids used to build all tissues. 9 are essential for adults (EAA). 11 are non essential (NEAA). 10 essential for children Transamination- process by which the liver makes a non-essential A.A. (NEAA) |
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Functions of Amino Acids
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Used to synthesis all body proteins. Growth, maintenance repair of all tissues.
Make enzymes. Make some hormones. Make antibodies. Make protein transporters; hemoglobin, lipoproteins. Make energy. SECONDARY USE! |
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Protein synthesis
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Occurs in the cells. Blueprints in DNA.
4 “steps”: Amino acid chain Peptide bonds – dipeptide, tripeptide, polypeptide. Amino acid sequence. |
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Protein synthesis cont.
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1. Amino acid chain
Peptide bonds – dipeptide, tripeptide, polypeptide. Amino acid sequence. 2. Coiling the chain 3. Folding the chain. 4. Activation: add something to “turn it on”. Another protein, vitamin, or mineral. Not all proteins require this. |
