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55 Cards in this Set

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lamb sacrificed during the Jewish Passover. took on the sins of the people.
paschal lamb
"assembly." probably developed during the Babylonian exile. place of worship. A group of 10 or more men gathered together to do religious practices.
synagogue
"dispersed." scattering of the Jews from Israel. Jews weren't called Jews until after the ________
the Diaspora
united the Medes and the Persians to form a formidable army and to overthrow the Babylonian empires. diplomatic. His edict of restoration in 532 BC allowed the Jews to go back home and rebuild their temple. called himself a liberator and not a conqueror. he thought this would prevent revolts. Ezra called him the Messiah of God. he returned all the temple treasures that had been taken.
Cyrus the Great
part Jewish and from Syria. They did worship the One God, followed Sabbath laws, and wanted to worship and sacrifice in the temple in Jerusalem. Jews considered them unclean. The _________ temple was located on Mt. Garazim.
Samaritans
joining of the Medes and Persians to rule
Medo-Persians
father of Alexander the Great. powerful, democratic tribal leader who brought together the city-states of Greece. wanted to conquer the known world and make it Greek. accused of being very immoral; his wife had him stabbed to death for adultery.
Philip ("little king") of Macedon(ia)
educated by Aristotle. commander of Rome who marched back and forth through Israel but mysteriously didn't harm it. he was already General of the Greek army at 17 years old and he would kill or destroy anyone/anything in his way.
Alexander the Great
Greek philosopher who taught Alexander the Great
Aristotle
the process of bringing Greek life and customs to other parts of the world. (such as reasoning skills). The Greeks left behind battalions of soldiers to intermarry with natives.
Hellenization
"rulers." 4 generals of Alexander. divided up the kingdom when he died and killed his family.
Diadochi
one of the diadochi. ruled Egypt and Israel.
Ptolemy (Ptolemies)
one of the diadochi. ruled Mesopotamia or Asia minor from Syria to Palestine. fought Ptolomy for the Israeli land bridge / pass.
Seleucus (the Seleucids)
"70." Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures. written for Jews that had been displaced. there is an intriguing legend concerning it.
Septuagint (LXX)
relates the Septuagint legend: 72 men in groups of 2 translated the Torah in 7 or 70? days. All the groups translated it exactly the same.
Letter of Aristes
Son of Anticles III. retured from Rome to rule. his actions were the catalyst that started the Jewish revolt led by Mattathias the Maccabean. self-named. decided to enforce the Greek way of life and was very unwise about how he did it. He wouldn't let Jews worship God and desecrated the temple (ie pig on altar and statue of Zeus in the Holy of Holies, etc.). told about in the book of Maccabees.
Antiochus IV Ephiphanes ("shines like a god")
fort built on Temple mount by Antiochus IV
Acra
family that led the Jewish revolt / 4 books of Maccabees in the Apocrypha
Mattathias - father. 5 sons - Judas, Simon, Fleuzor, John, Jonathan
the Macabeans
a priest in Madein? / refused to sacrifice a pig on the altar and killed the soldier. began Jewish revolt.
Mattathias Maccabee
name of Jews with Mattathias. means "holy ones" or "pious ones." wanted to follow the law without interference.
Hasidim
used gorilla warfare tactics / head of military / regains Jerusalem / cleans altar and rededicates it / Hanukkah "festival of lights" celebrates this
Judas the Maccabee (the "Hammer")
"festival of lights" Dec. 25, 164 BC. celebrates the rededication of the temple. temple and altar cleansed and rededicated / center arm of the Menorah for Temple dedication. Menorah lit 8 arms representing days. they would only lit up enough oil for 1 day.
Hanukkah
priestly line after David
Zadokite
where the Samaritan temple was built
Mt. Garazim
son of Simon. took back virtually all the territory David and Solomon once owned. Forcibly circumcised those he conquered and made them follow Jewish laws. went to Syria and destroyed the temple there but still wouldn't let the Samaritans worship in Jerusalem. beginning of animosity between Jews and others. break between Hasidims <Pharisees, Sadducees begins>. Part of the Hasmonean Dynasty.
John Hyrcanus
son of John Hyrcanus and Salome Alexandra's husband. tries to make peace between the Pharisees and Sadducees but is unsuccessful. favored the Sadducees. killed lots of Jews. told his wife to make peace with the Pharisees and willed her the kingdom.
Alexander Jannaeus
brought about the peace. Her husband willed the kingdom to her instead of his sons when he died. She set up the Sanhedrin and set up an educational system for all Jewish males. called the "golden age." When she died Hyrcanus's sons fought over the country until the Jews became fed up with their anarchy.
Salome Alexandra
Roman general and ruler in the East who took Asia minor. He received a delegation from the Jews (3 different people asking him to come to Palestine) asking him to resolve the conlict between John Hyranus's sons. he took Palestine as a Roman province instead. Palestine was taken without a fight.
Pompey
applied to Rome to become governor of the province of Israel. part-Jewish, part Edomite/Edomian. began to hate the Jews (he was one of the ones forced to be circumcised and moved into Judea by John Hyrcanus) and instilled that in his son. Herod the Great's father.
Antipater of Idumea
father of the bride of Antipater
Arets of the Nabataeans
Idumean son of Antipater of Idumea. not governor of Israel but king. ruled from 40-4 BC. Hated the Jews but was a gifted leader and made them feel he didn't hate them. diplomat and skilled warrior. paranoid and had no conscience. Son of Antipater. fully in control by 37 BC. had problems with family / feared Cleopatra / great builder / killed babies after Jesus was born "massacre of the innocents"
Herod the Great
the only wife Herod the Great loved. he still killed her.
Mariamne
one of Herod the Great's sons. ruler of Judea when Jesus Christ returned from Egypt. killed many of his own sons and many wives. paranoid like his father. so evil that the Roman government couldn't stand him and removed him in 6 AD. after that Judea only had procurators. *This is the ruler Jesus was warned against when returning to Judea.
Herod Archelaus
tetrarch of the Caesarea Philippi / Mt. Hermon area. a gentle man / patient / loving / good ruler. *Jesus ministered here a great deal and often retreated here when things were getting dangerous for him elsewhere
Herod Philip
ruled Galilee and Perea. Jesus Christ called him a "fox." This is the man who beheaded John the Baptist.
Herod Antipas
head of the Roman army. put a seige around Jerusalem during the first Jewish war. Then Nero died, so he took his army and went back to Rome to secure his position in the government. Flavius Josephus prophesied that he would become emperor and he does. Therefore __________ names the "Flavian" Dynasty after him.
Vespasian
Vespasian's son. Vespasian sends him back to Jerusalem to finish his work. When the Jews give up, _____ punishes them by burning down the temple in 70 AD. *The Jews and Christians also split at this time, which is important because Judaism was the only legal religion.
Titus (Roman)
"the peace of Rome." Rome valued peace above all things and put down all rebellions quickly.
pax Romana
religion based on Moses' law / Jewish belief system
Judaism
"Separate Ones." believed in following the law and wanted to renew and protect Judaism. believed the Word of God was the Torah, the rest of the OT, and Rabbi teachings (written and oral law). believed in life after death AND the resurrection of the body and future rewards. believed in angels, demons, and spirits. Added over 1500 laws to the Law - most of them concerned the Sabbath.
Pharisees
descendents of the Zadokites. stayed close to priestly families and tried to influence Temple business. followed only law (no interpretations). from middle- to upper-class families. said there is no resurrection. The Torah alone is Scripture. no such thing as demons, angels, or spirits. didn't hold to all the traditions?
Sadducees
means "someone who is strongly devoted to God and God's law" highly patriotic. had religious zeal for the Jewish faith. violence used at times. wanted rebellion against Rome and tried to organize a revolt. One of Christ's disciples was Simon "the ______." They are one reason why Jesus never said "I am the Messiah/son of the living God/son of David." --> those were inflamatory, militant statements.
Zealots
preached repentence and baptism (cleansing). They lived in Qumran, a place secluded like a monestary. They mystery of the NT is that they are never mentioned although they were a very prominent religious group. They lived alone / studied and had a special interpretation of the law / disagreed with the Jews and believed in resurrection like the Pharisees / property given to share in community
Essenes
"healers." a group within the Essenes. traveled around healing people. headquarters in Qumran.
theraputae
enemies of Jesus Christ. basically worshiped Herod and stayed around even after his death. cooperated with Rome.
Herodians
copied the law and also taught and interpreted because they probably knew the law better than anyone else. Jesus Christ calls them hypocrites. the early ones served kings as secretaries. became scholars from the exile period on. known as rabbis.
Scribes
teacher of the law
"rabbi"
the local ruling council in Judea. it first appeared during Salome Alexandra's time. it was like a Jewish version of the US Supreme Court. made up of Pharisees and Sadducees and was presided over by the high-priest who voted to break ties. 1/2 Pharisees and 1/2 Sadducees. began to write down formulas for applying the law of Moses <Mishnah/Talmud>
Sanhedrin
the "scattering" of the Jews outside of Jerusalem.
Diaspora Jews
said Caesar was god / people had to commit to this idea once a year. this was bad news for Christians because they wouldn't do it because Jesus Christ is LORD / penalized and persecuted / could not carry out commerce.
Imperial Cult
immortality of the soul / this world is just a shadow of what is in the other world / when someone is born, their soul is taken out of a pool and it returns when they die
Platonism
wanted to find true happiness and lived for pleasure / believed in free will / death is the end of life (no afterlife) / laughed at Paul the Apostle / did not believe gods influenced one's life / intellectual pleasure better than bodly pleasure
Epicureanism
the whole universe is a divine being and the gods are simply various names of the one cosmic God / virtue is living in harmony with the forces of nature / favored equality of sexes and opposed slavery / believed in fate
Stoicism
believed they possessed a special/secret knowledge / said Jesus was inhabited by God of baptism and left him on the cross and that salvation comes through superior knowledge
Gnosticism
Greek word for knowledge
gnosis