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184 Cards in this Set
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the second part of the Christian Bible; literature relating to God's people after the coming of Christ
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New Testament
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the first part of the Christian Bible; literature relating to God's people before the coming of Christ
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Old Testament
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the meanings that various groups of Christians see in the Bible
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community meanings
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someone who is not a Jew
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Gentile
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with regard to the Bible, without errors, including scientific or historical errors
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inerrant
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with regard to the Bible, without error in any matter of faith or doctrine
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infallible
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reading the Bible's words for what they meant when they were first written, using the meanings of words and concepts from 2,000 years ago
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original meaning
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the process by which God conveyed truth through human authors to the written text of the Bible
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inspiration
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finding meaning in the Bible's words without regard to their original meaning; interpreting the Bible from the "dictionary" in your head, as if its words were written directly to you and not to people who lived 2,000 years ago in a far different historical and cultural context
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personal meaning
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truth conveyed or "revealed" from God to humanity
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revelation
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a "means of grace," divinely appointed path by which to meet God and experience His love (ex. Communion, baptism)
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sacrament
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a group of writings included in Roman Catholic and Orthodox Bibles but not in the Bibles of most Protestants
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Apocrypha
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a type of writing in which a heavenly being brings a revelation to an authority figure, both about things going on in the heavenly realm and about things that are things that are going to happen in the near future. Usually these were written in a time of crisis and were placed on the lips of a famous figure from the past, who foretold how God would make everything right in the world
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Apocalypse
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basically, a letter, although some scholars only use the word to refer to a somewhat official letter that circulated to a broad audience
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epistle
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a type of literature or literary form, such as a novel, a personal letter, an eviction notice, a diary, etc. Such forms create certain expectations in a reader before s/he even starts to read
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genre
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from our perspective, the genre of the four presentations of Jesus in the NT, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, whose aim was to present the gospel of Jesus Christ.
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gospel
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ancient history varied in terms of historical reliability, with some authors being more careful than others. The emphasis was more on the big picture than on precision. For many, a creative, artistic presentation that led to true inferences was more valued than accuracy
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history (ancient)
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abandoning or rejecting Christianity after having previously been a Christian
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Apostasy
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someone who is sent on an official mission, an ambassador, in the New Testament, someone who saw Jesus after He rose from the dead. The New Testament primarily refers to Jesus' disciples by this term, but the word can also be used of others like Paul who took leading roles in the spread of Christianity
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Apostle
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the group of writings that Christians consider to be authoritative on the level of Scripture
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Canon
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in a "second canon," a term used for the authoritative status of the Apocrypha for many Roman Catholics and Orthodox churches
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Deuterocanonical
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one who is a follower or learner; in the context of the gospels, a follower of Jesus while He was on earth, someone who attached him or herself to Jesus in order to learn from Him and become like Him
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Disciple:
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incorrect teaching according to the Christian mainstream, as opposed to orthodoxy, which is correct teaching; inappropriate belief
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Heresy:
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correct teaching as it is understood by mainstream Christians, as opposed to heresy, which is incorrect teaching
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Orthodoxy:
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a writing or collection of writings considered to be authoritative in some way for a particular religious group
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Scripture:
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the attempt to catch the spirit of the original meaning in readable English that makes sense on our cultural terms
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Dynamic equivalence:
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the attempt of a translation to stick closely to the wording and sentence structure of the original languages
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Formal equivalence:
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an ancient document written by hand. Over five thousand handwritten Greek manuscripts, copies of portions of the NT, have survived until today
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Manuscript:
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that branch of New Testament studies that aims at recovering the exact wording of the original texts of the Bible
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Textual criticism:
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the cutting off of the foreskin; a sign of the special relationship between God and the sons of Abraham
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Circumcision:
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cultures where identity is primarily a function of the groups to which an individual belongs - such as one's race, family, or gender
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Collectivist culture:
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the solemn agreement between God and Israel. He would bless them if they kept His commandments
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Covenant:
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the victorious departure of Israel from Egypt to freedom
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Exodus:
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originally the name of Abraham's grandson, it would become the name of his descendants and the nation they constituted
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Israel:
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the most important Jewish festival, it celebrates the day when the death angel "passed over" the sons of the Israelites before they escaped fro Egypt
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Passover:
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the first five books of the Old Testament - Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. According to Jewish tradition, Moses authored all five of these books
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Pentateuch:
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God's proper name in the Old Testament, usually translated LORD in all capital letters
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Yahweh:
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the nation that destroyed Jerusalem and Israel's first temple in 586 BC, taking many Jews as slaves. Hundreds of years later, Jews and Christians would also use the word "Babylon" to refer to Rome, which destroyed Jerusalem and its second temple in AD 70
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Babylon:
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the Greek word for Messiah, meaning "anointed one"
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Christ:
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the second king of Israel and the first of a long-ruling dynasty. For many Jews at the time of Christ, he symbolized the ideal king
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David:
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with regard to the Old Testament, God's choice of Israel as His special people out of all the peoples of the earth; with regard to the New, God's choice of Christians to be His people. Some Christians understand this on an individual level: God chooses with individuals will be saved
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Election (OT):
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one scholar's way of summarizing the basic elements of Jewish self-understanding at the time of Christ: (1) monotheism (one God for Israel), (2) election (one people for God), (3) covenant (the solemn patron-client), and (4) land (the focus of blessing if Israel was faithful)
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Four Pillars of Judaism:
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the Jewish feast that celebrates the rededication and purification of the temple after the Maccabeans freed the Jews from foreign rule
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Hanukkah:
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after the kingdom of Israel was split into two parts, Judah was the name of the southern kingdom. Since the northern kingdom was obliterated, the Israelites that survived this destruction were largely from Judah. It is thus this word that the later term "Jew" derives - a descendant of Judah
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Judah:
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a term that implied Christ's kingship over heaven and earth and that He is the ruler of all
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Lord:
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the Jewish family that successfully freed the Jews from Syrian rule, resulting in about a hundred years of freedom
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Maccabees:
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translates as "anointed one" and was originally used to refer to someone such as king or priest who was set apart for a special, divinely appointed role. This person often was installed into office by being "anointed" with oil
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Messiah:
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belief in only one God
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Monotheism:
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those who lived in the region formerly known as the northern kingdom of Israel. They were of ethically diverse origins, including the race of Israel
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Samaritans:
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the third king of Israel. He built the first temple to Yahweh in Jerusalem
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Solomon:
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a descendant of David who occupied the throne. In the New Testament, Jesus is referred to as the "Son of David," meaning He is the king that Israel had been awaiting
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Son of David:
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a term used for the anointed kings of Judah. It indicated that they were in a special relationship with Yahweh, like that of son to father, and that their earthy authority mirrored that of God himself
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Son of God:
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hatred of Jews
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anti-Semitism/anti-Judaism
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viewing events on earth as the playing out of spiritual conflicts in the invisible realm, conflicts that will eventually lead to the judgment of the world and the restoration of the righteous
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apocalyptic
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a language that evolved from Hebrew. It was what most Jews in Palestine spoke as their first language
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Aramaic
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writings found at Qumran that probably represent a wide variety of Essene communities from the two centuries before Christ. The most distinctive documents probably come from a community that split off from the broader Essene movement
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Dead Sea Scrolls
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the scattering of Jews throughout the Mediterranean world and away from their geographical point of origin
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Diaspora
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probably the Jewish group that followed the Jewish Law most strictly. They were often celibate and lived communally, holding their possessions in common
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Essene
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Greek-speaking Jews
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Hellenistic Jews
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the king the Romans appointed to rule Israel just before Jesus' birth. The NT tells us that he put all the male infants in Bethlehem to death in an attempt to kill Jesus
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Herod the Great
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the highest rank of priest in Judaism. The high priest's most significant religious responsibility was to enter the Most Holy Place of the temple once a year and offer a sacrifice for the sins of the people. At the time of Christ's death, he was the most powerful Jewish political figure in the land.
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high priest
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took place from AD 66-73. This attempt of the Jewish people to free themselves from Roman rule resulted in the destruction of Jerusalem and the temple in AD 70
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Jewish War
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the common person in Israel going about his or her day-to-day business. Most farmed for their subsistence
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people of the land
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a group of Jews known best for their careful keeping of the Jewish Lew as it was interpreted in the traditions of the elders. Unlike the Sadducees, Pharisees strongly believed in the resurrection of those who died noble deaths in faithfulness to God's covenant with Israel
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Pharisee
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those from the Israelite tribe of Levi whose role was to administer the Law to the people. This included such things as offering sacrifices in the temple, settling disputes, and declaring individuals ceremonially clearn
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priests
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the location of the Dead Sea community where the Dead Sea Scrolls were discovered
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Qumran
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Jews who sought to throw of the yoke of Roman oppression and who were the primary fuse of the Jewish War. Individuals from all three main Jewish sects participated in the Jewish War
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Revolutionaries
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the period from sundown on Friday to sundown on Saturday during which Jews did not work
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Sabbath
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a small group of aristocratic Jews who help political power in Jerusalem. They did not believe in afterlife
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Sadducee
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the founder of the particular Essene community that lived at Qumran on the Dead Sea
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Teacher of Righteousness
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oral traditions that arose about how to keep the specifics of the Law. The Pharisees are best known for keeping these traditions
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tradition of the elders
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cultures where identity is primarily a function of the groups to which an individual belongs- such as one's race, family, or gender
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group culture
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culture oriented around the approval or disapproval of your group rather than around being true to yourself as an individual
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honor/shame culture
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a culture where one's identity is determined by each person as an individual
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individualistic culture
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those who served as go-betweens for patrons and clients in the ancient world when the gap between them was significant
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broker
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a village on the Sea of Galilee where Peter and perhaps Jesus seem to have had their homes
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Capernaum
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those who received patronage/resources in the ancient world in return for the honor and prestige they gave their patrons
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client
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the region in which Jesus grew up and conducted much of His earthly ministry. It included Nazareth, Jesus' hometown; Capernaum, a village in which Jesus may have had a house at one time; and the Sea of Galilee, where Jesus "called" some of His first disciples
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Galilee
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the son of Herod the Great, he ruled the regions of Galilee and Perea from 4 BC to AD 39. This Herod beheaded John the Baptist, and Jesus referred to him as a "fox"
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Herod Antipas
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a first-century reformer who proclamation of coming judgment and restoration provided the launching point for Jesus' own mission
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John the Baptist
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the southernmost region of Palestine where Jerusalem and Bethlehem were located
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Judea
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the idea that there was only a certain amount of wealth, goodness, and value in the world. If one person gained, therefore, it was assumed that someone else lost
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limited good
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the village in Galilee where Jesus grew up
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Nazareth
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ancient networks of informal arrangements between those with money, power, and resources (patrons) and those without (clients). Patrons would provide clients with resources in return for the prestige and influence it brought them. Clients in return did patrons various favors and generally honored them
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patron-client system
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those with power, influence, and money who were able to assist those with less power
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patrons
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displaced from your inherited place in life, from your possessions, etc.
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poor
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generally thought of as someone who had stolen the goods and possessions of someone else or descended from someone who had
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rich
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the Jewish ruling council, made up of elders from the Jewish aristocracy
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Sanhedrin
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a sea in northern Israel around which Jesus conducted much of His earthly ministry. Here Jesus called some of His first disciples to follow Him
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Sea of Galilee
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did not believe in an afterlife; one's soul atoms disintegrated at death just like one's body. By the time of Christ, they believed that one should "eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow we die"
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Epicureanism
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the sense that nothing happens by chance, that everything that takes place is determined by forces beyond human control
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fatalism
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Platonists believed that earthly things were simply copies, images, and shadows of heavenly realities and that the only way to access these truths was through the mind. They believed in a soul that survived death only to migrate to another body
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Platonism/Plato
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the dead brought back to life when Christ returns. At that time God will provide the dead with "spiritual" bodies.
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resurrection of the dead
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Stoics believed that the Logos, the divine Reason that was in all things, directed and ordered the world. Since we could not possibly overcome its direction, we should accept our fate and not be concerned with pain or emotion. We should listen to the small seed of logos that is the human spirit. This seed returns to the Logos of the world at death
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Stoicism/Stoics
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worshiping many gods (polytheistic) as opposed to one god (monotheistic)
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pagan
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a physical representation of a god, such as a statue or figurine, that is used to worship the god
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idol
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religions that involved secret rituals relating to the death of a god, secret knowledge, and the guarantee of a happy afterlife
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mystery religions
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the process of changing from one religion to another; the process of becoming a Christian
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conversion
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the practice in the Roman empire of venerating the emperors as gods, usually after their deaths. In many places, however, they were worshiped prior to their deaths and a few emperors actually demanded worship. Such worship at the very least involved offering sacrifices to them as gods
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emperor worship
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good news of an extraordinary sort, such as an important military victory or the birth of a future emperor
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gospel
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the reign or rule of God, on earth as it is in heaven
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kingdom of God
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in general, any wrongdoing. For Jews it meant breaking the Old Testament Law
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sin
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escaping God's wrath, which is the consequence of our sins; being "saved" from our sins
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salvation
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a type of literature whose aim is to present the gospel of Jesus Christ
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Gospel
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in the ancient world, a genre of literature presenting a person primarily in terms of that person's character. This was made evident in the circumstances of the individual's birth, what others said about him or her, and the person's own actions and statements
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biography (ancient)
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a dipping in water that symbolized the washing away of one's sins
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baptism
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changing decisively from one attitude or way of life to another
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repentance
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Jesus' miraculous birth; His mother Mary gave birth to Him, even though she had never slept with a man
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virgin birth
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Jesus' miraculous return from the dead
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the Resurrection
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Jesus, along with Moses and Elijah, was transformed into a heavenly state in front of three disciples - Peter, James, and John
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the Transfiguration
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causing an evil spirit(s) to leave the body of someone it was controlling
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exorcism
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a follower of Jesus, someone who attached him or herself to Jesus in order to learn from and become like Him
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disciple
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a rather wide category of figurative speech that included such types as riddles, similes, and even allegories (where several elements in a story are given symbolic meaning)
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parable
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primarily trust in something. It also involves belief in that something and faithfulness or commitment to it
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faith
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a family tree. In Matthew, the genealogy starts with Abraham and moves forward to Jesus
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genealogy
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someone through whom God speaks messages of challenge and hope to human beings. A prophet's messages usually addressed contemporary situations rather than the distant future
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prophet
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one whose function was to copy documents - primarily the Jewish Law. Scribes were thus closely associated with the Pharisees
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scribe
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the blessings Jesus pronounces on the poor in spirit, mourners, the meek, and others in Matthew 5:3-10
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Beatitudes
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Jesus' command to make disciples from the peoples of every nation
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The Great Commission
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Matthew, Mark, and Luke, so called because they present similar portraits of Jesus
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synoptic gospels
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the question of how the synoptic gospels came to be so similar in content, wording, and arrangement
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synoptic problem
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the suggestion that Matthew was written first, Luke second, and that Mark used both to create his gospel
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the Griesbach hypothesis
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the idea that Matthew and Luke based their presentations on Mark and a collection of some of Jesus' sayings, called Q
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the two-source hypothesis
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God's willingness to serve as the supplier of our needs, our divine patron. In return, He expects honor and obedience.
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grace
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the arrival of Jesus on earth a second time, this time to judge the earth
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parousia
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One of the main ways in which Jesus referred to himself. The phrase can be taken in several different ways. One is simple as "a human being." It also was used of a king God would send from heaven and judge the nations and rule Israel.
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Son of Man
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a valley outside Jerusalem where Jews burned their trash
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Valley of Hinnom
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The Aramaic way of referring to the Valley of Hinnom, although it became a metaphor for hell
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Gehenna
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"Wise men," often thought to be astrologers or star watchers. The similarity of the Greek word to "magician" is obvious
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Magi
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an indication of something. In John, signs indicate that Jesus came down from heaven. In the synoptics, Jesus refuses to give in to the demand for "signs" as proof that He is the Messiah, although He performs many miracles
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sign
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many Jews at the time of Christ talked about God's actions in the world by speaking of His word doing things. The world was created though His word, for example. His word represented His will and purpose for His creation
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Word/Logos
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the idea that Jesus was God made flesh, that He came from heaven and became human
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incarnation
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often called "communion," it literally means "thanksgiving." It is a celebration in memory of Jesus' atoning death on the cross. Bread represents His body, while wine represents His blood
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Eucharist (Communion)
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the attempt to determine as much as possible about the life, teachings, and aims of Jesus of Nazareth - the one from whom Christianity originated
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the Quest for the Historical Jesus
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oriented around the end of the current period of history, perhaps even of the world
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eschatological Jesus
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oriented around how to live in the present time
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ethical Jesus
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a way of referring to the earliest followers of Jesus both before and after His crucifixion
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Jesus movement
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a group of scholars who voted to decide what they thought Jesus really said. In general, they eliminated all of Jesus' sayings in which He viewed himself as a part of world-changing events or in which He preached the coming of God's judgment on Israel or the world
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Jesus Seminar
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a movement - both Christian and Jewish - that believed the salvation of our spirits from our physical bodies came from hidden knowledge
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Gnosticism
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the Roman Catholic belief that not only was Jesus free of original sin, but Mary was as well
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immaculate conception
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also a belief among many Roman Catholics that Mary remained anatomically intact throughout childbirth and then remained a virgin her entire life
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Mary's perpetual virginity
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What are some of the "I am" statements located in John?
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- I am the bread of life
- I am the light of the world - Before Abraham was, I am - I am the good shepherd - I am the resurrection and the life - I am the way, the truth, and the life - I am the true vine |
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What are the important things of Matthew?
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- written by a Jew to the Jews about a Jew
- presents Jesus as King of the Jews - Matthew was a tax collector - Matthew was surnamed Levi - theme: was to show that Jesus was the Messiah, king of Jews |
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What are the important things of Mark?
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- written to the Gentiles
- shows Jesus as a servant - doesn't mention birth of Christ - 4 parables about serving - episodic style (story beside story) - Messianic secret |
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What are the 5 discourses of Matthew?
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1. The Sermon on the Mount
2. Instructions upon the sending out of the 12 disciples 3. Parables of the kingdom 4. Terms of discipleship 5. The Olivet Discourse - each discourse is separated by a narrative of events in the life of Jesus |
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What are the synoptic gospels?
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Matthew, Mark,and Luke
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What are the significant items of Luke?
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- Luke was author;beloved physician
- Written to Gentiles - Traveled with Paul - Written after the fall of Jerusalem (70 AD) Recipients – Jewish customs, Palestinian location, genealogy traces Jesus to Adam NOT Abraham; audience is the Gentiles |
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What are the significant items of John?
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- Author wrote to Jews around 68 AD
- Purpose of John (John 20:30-31) - Show that through the presence of the disciples the Son |
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What are the significant items of Acts?
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- Written by Luke
- Emphasizes same themes as Luke (significance of women and concern for poor) - highlights importance of Holy Spirit and prayer - historical |
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What is the original meaning of the Bible?
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It is a function of how these words were used back when they were first written
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Which books are considered to be in the Gospel genre?
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Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John
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Which books are considered to be in the History genre?
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Acts
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Which books are considered to be in the Apocalypse genre?
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Revelation
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Which books are considered to be a letter/epistle?
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Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians,Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 and 2 Thessalonians, 1 and 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James, 1 and 2 Peter, 1 2 and 3 John, and Jude
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Which book of the NT is thought to be one of the first books written?
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Either 1 Thessalonians or Galatians
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What is some key criteria for accepting a book in to the canon?
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Authorship, antiquity, and orthodoxy.
- Author should be linked to original apostle in some way - Should teach correct ideas - Should be written by one of earliest Christians |
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Which king built the temple in Jerusalem?
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King Solomon
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Why was Israel destroyed?
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Because it did not keep the covenant it made with God
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Monotheism means... in the 4 Pillars of Judaism
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Yahweh was the only God Israel could worship
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In the 4 Pillars of Judaism...election meant...
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God chose Israel out of all the nations
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In the 4 Pillars of Judaism...covenant meant...
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an agreement between Yahweh and Israel. If the Israelites followed the Law, God would bless them. If they did not, He would curse them.
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In the 4 Pillars of Judaism...land meant...
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what God would give Israel if it followed His commands. The focus of God's presence in the land was the temple in Jerusalem.
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During the time of Christ who ran the temple?
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The aristocratic Sadducees ran the temple. They followed only things that were clearly set out in the first 5 books of the OT
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What is a major difference between the Sadducees and the Pharisees?
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Sadducees did not believe in resurrection or afterlife of any kind; Pharisees strongly believed in the resurrection of those who died noble deaths in faithfulness to God's covenant with Israel
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What are the 3 key elements in ancient identity?
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1. Gender (male or female)
2. Genealogy (family background) 3. Geography (race, linked to the land of origin) |
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Who was the ultimate political power in the Mediterranean world?
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The Romans
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What were the key cities according to the map 1?
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- Galilee (top) (Nazareth and Caesarea)
- Judea (center) - Samaria (bottom) (Jerusalem and Bethlehem) (located between Mediterranean Sea and Jordan River) - Decapolis - Perea (located on east side of Dead Sea and Jordan River) |
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What did Jews believe about heaven?
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They believed in many different heavens with God in the highest one.
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What did ancient biographies focus on?
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They focused on the character of an individual, who was assumed to fit a certain type
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What was Jesus' ministry sees as in Mark?
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It was very positive and optimistic, included healings, exorcisms, teaching, and miracles
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In Mark, after Peter's acknowledgment that Jesus is Messiah, what did Jesus focus on?
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His coming death
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What does Matthew present Jesus as?
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- As the Jewish Messiah, the Son of David
- As a new Moses |
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What does the Sermon on the Mount do?
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It encapsulates the heart of Jesus' teaching on how to live on earth while waiting for the kingdom
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What does Mark present Jesus as?
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- The Messiah, Son of David and Son of God
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How does Mark portray the disciples?
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Negatively than the other gospels do
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What is Jesus' ministry like in Luke?
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Emphasizes the poor, women, and the oppressed
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When was Luke written?
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Probably several years after Romans destroyed Jerusalem
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Which book is the main source for Matthew and Luke?
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Mark
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What are the important events in Matthew?
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1. Stories of Jesus' birth
2. Jesus' baptism 3. Jesus recruits His first disciple 4. The Sermon on the Mount 5. Jesus heals a leper 6. Jesus heals Peter's mother-in-law |
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What are the important events of Mark?
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1. Jesus' baptism
2. Jesus recruits His first disciples 3. Jesus heals Peter's mother-in-law 4. Jesus heals a leper |
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What are the important events of Luke?
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1. Stories of Jesus' birth
2. Jesus' baptism 3. Jesus heals Peter's mother-in-law 4. Jesus recruits His first disciples 5. Jesus heals a leper 6. The Sermon on the Plain |
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What are the parables of Jesus?
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- The Parables about Parables
- Parables of the Kingdom - Parables of Israel - Parables of Judgment - Parables of Kingdom Values |
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What is the purpose of John?
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To lead its audience to faith in who Jesus is and what he has done
- emphasizes that believing only in Jesus frees you from condemnation |
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Who is the author of John?
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John, the son of Zebedee, is the traditional author but it is technically anonymous
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