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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is animism?
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The religion of early Rome: farmers worshiped gods that personified the forces they faced daily - field, forest, stream.
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Features of Graeco-Roman religion?
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Nonexclusive, fate, corporate, religion and morality were separated.
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What is a lare?
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spirits that Roman homes served - thought to watch overhand protect the family and household.
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Emperor Worship
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Roman Senate ascribe divinity to roman emperor (Caligula, Nero, Domitian)
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Mystery Religions
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focused on a god who died and was resuscitated. Was a mystery.
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What is Gnosticism?
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Refers to knowledge (gnosis). Implies religion offered salvation by presenting added knowledge for those who sought it. Felt problem was not sin, but ignorance.
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What are the major beliefs of gnosticism (6)?
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1. Knowledge was superior to faith
2. Matter was evil 3. Evil originated with the demiurge, god who could have no contact with material creation 4. Christ was not human 5. Ascetism was means of achieving communion with God 6. Indifferent attitude toward human body |
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Two responses to gnosticism
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1. practicing asceticism
2. denying reality of the body and suggesting bodily acts had no significance |
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What was Nag Hammadi and when?
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1945 an entire gnostic library was discovered
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Who were the epicureans?
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greek philosophers who defined pleasure as absence of pain and advocated pleasure was life's highest good
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who were the stoics?
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perfect self control was the aim of life
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Who were the cynics?
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Showed disdain for comfort and affluence by shockingly indecent behavior
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Skeptics
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Inisted all moral judgements were relative and rejected standards of right and wrong
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What were targums?
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original oral translations that were gradually being written in Aramaic
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What does Apocrypha mean?
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hidden books - books that were falsely inscribed with name of OT personality in order to gain acceptance
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Where were dead sea scrolls discovered and when?
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1940s-1950s near Qumran
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What was the chief emphasis of judaism
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unity and transcendence of God, emphasized fatherhood of God
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Who were proselytes
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male converts to Judaism who underwent circumcism
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Who wer God fearers
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converts to Judaism who did not submit to circumcise and rigid regulations, but practiced moral aspects.
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Who were the Pharisees?
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the largest and most influential Jewish group in New Testament times. Gave strong attention to rigid observance of oral law or tradition. Supernaturalists - believed in angels, spirits, immortality of soul, resurrection of body.
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Who were the Essenes?
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Small ascetic group with very stringent requirements for admission, lean red from Josephus, Did not practice marriage and grew by receiving converts, held all property in common
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Who were the zealots
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revolutionaries fanatically dedicated to the overthrow of Roman power.
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Who were the Herodians?
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small minority of influential Jews who supported the Herodian dynasty
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Who were the scribes?
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Professional group rather than religious or political group - taught and interpreted OT law and gave judicial opinions on cases
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Which three important festivals brought large numbers of pilgrims to Jerusalem?
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Passover (Marking Exodus from Egypt and beginning of grain harvest), Pentecost (Feast of Weeks - completion of grain harvest and commemoration of giving on law), and Tabernacles (Commemorating wilderness wanderings and completion of grape harvest - joyous popular feast)
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Who were the Sanhedrin?
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met daily in the area of the temple except on Holy days and Sabbath.
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Synagogue
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pillar of Jewish practice - emphasizing study and application of OT law. Served as center of religious, social, and educational life for Jewish community. Children instructed in Jesus faith, center for offerings for poor.
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What was a hazzan?
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Person who cared for the building and its contents, blew trumpet announcing Sabbath and sometimes taught in school
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What was a rabbi?
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ordained scholar after 70 AD
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What is the term Shemone Esreh
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eighteen benedictions of praise
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Who were the diaspora Jews?
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Jews scatter abroad. Hebraists - retained Jewish faith and use of Hebrew or Aramaic language and Customs, and Hellenists: absorbed Graeco-Roman culture and ceased to be Jesus except in matters of faith
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Define canon
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"straight rod or a ruler". doctrines which constituted basic beliefs and practices of the church.
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What was most important criterion for canonicity?
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inspiration
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What were the three elements that guided church leaders to determine that the books deserved to be in the canon?
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1. Teaching of the book followed beliefs of the church regarded as acceptable and correct
2. demonstrate apostolicity - authorship by an an apostle of associate of apostle 3. test of universality - book be accepted by broad geographical segment (1. Orthodoxy, 2. Apostolicity, 3. Universality) |
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What is papyrus?
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writing material made from a reed that grows along the Nile River. (NT books likely originally written on papyrus)
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What is an amanuensis
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secretary who took dictation for author, like Tertius
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What is uncial script?
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early manuscripts that consisted of all capital letters
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What is codex sinaiticus and vaticanus
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earliest uncial vellum manuscripts
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What are minuscule letters?
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cursive script in small letters.
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What are the different types of literature in NT?
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1. biography, 2. letters, 3. history, (prophetic, apocalyptic, and letter form)
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agrapha
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"unwritten", Sayings of Jesus that appear in literature outside of the gospels
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dominical sayings
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Sayings spoken by Jesus, "lord"
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What is the definition of genre?
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literary category that denotes style, form, or general content of a literary production
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What was Palestine?
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Three geographical divisions: Galilee (north), Samaria (central), Judea (south) Jesus spent most of his active life in Palestine.
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What was the Enlightenment?
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A period in the 18th century in which trust of the historical accuracy of the Gospels was ended. Questioned the miracles and viewed historical aspects as suspect
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Who was D.F. Strauss?
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published a life of Jesus and insisted the Gospels were truth, but religious truth.
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Who was Albert Schweitzer?
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Quest for the Historical Jesus - showed that each of the earlier lives of Jesus had been little more than a project of the writer's own philosophical outlook in the first century. Called emphasis to eschatological emphasis in Jesus' teaching
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Who was Rudolph Bultmann?
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said we could trust very little of the Gospel accounts for factual information about Jesus
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What does didasko mean?
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to teach
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What teaching methods did Jesus use?
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1. Parable
2. Pungent figures of speech 3. Arguments 4. Questions and Answers 5. Object Lessons 6. Frequent Repetition 7. Focusing on the performance of a project 8. Personal Example |
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What is the Kingdom of God?
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God's rule over the hearts of men, culminating in an establishment of some type. Jesus regarded it as having already beun in his own person, but to come to fulfillment after his death and resurrection
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Who developed the first calendar and when?
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Dionysius in AD 525 (he erred by several years on Christ's birth)
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When did Josephus say Jesus was born?
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Between 7 and 5 BC
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When does church tradition say Jesus was born?
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6 or 5 BC
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When did Jesus' death likely occur?
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29 or 30 ad
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What three important incidents took place before Jesus began his public ministry?
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1. Ministry of John the Baptist
2. Baptism of Jesus 3. Temptation of Jesus |
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What are the three chief periods of Jesus' Galilean Ministry?
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1. Jesus work up to the time of choosing the 12 disciples
2. Ends with the withdrawal of Jesus from Northern Galilee (Jesus taught and performed miracles, more intense opposition arose) 3. Jesus ministered largely outside of Galilee and returned there only as he traveled toward Jerusalem for the final time |
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What were the two divisions of Jesus' trials?
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1. Jewish phases: before Annas, Caiaphas, and sanhedrin
2. Roman phase: Pilate, Herod Antipas, and Pilate |
