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48 Cards in this Set
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Alexander the Great
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In 333 BCE had his first important victory over the Persians. He is largely responsible for the spread of Hellenism into the Jewish world view.
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Antiochus Epiphanes
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captured Jerusalem and desecrated the Jerusalem temple—began religious persecution of the Jews. Didn’t cause of problem for many Jews because the process of hellenization had already begun. Created a conflict within Judaism also—not just between Greeks and Jews. Led to the Maccabbean revolt.
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Bar Kokhba
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The Second Jewish Revolt, or the Bar Kochba Revolt (132-135 CE)—under rule of Emperor Hadrian. Hadrian may have been persecuting Jews—prohibiting circumcision. Led by Simon Bar Kochba (son of the star). In 135, he was defeated and a new city, Capitolina, was built on the ruins of Jerusalem. And Jews are forbidden to enter the city unless it was the day or atonement, when they could enter to mourn the destruction of their Temple.
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Beatitudes
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Matt 5:3-11 The first of five major discourse sections in Matthew.
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Christology
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entral to Mark’s narrative. Refers to both actions and teachings of Jesus. Titles of importance include, “Son of Man; Son of God”. Son of man indicates divinity of Jesus according to Daniel 7. Son of God could be anyone, but only he who was truly divine could be the Son of Man.
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Dead Sea Scrolls
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written by the Essenes in particular the Qumram Community. Consists of nearly 1000 documents discovered since 1947. Further insight into the socio-political environment around the time the Gospels were written.
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Essenes
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One group fled into the wilderness to await God’s deliverance around 150 BCE. They have a celibate but there were also married ones in villages and towns. Strongly opposed ruling temple authority in Jerusalem—they supported the Maccabean revolt but not the Hasmonean dynasty. Strict interpretation of and adherence to Jewish law. They had an extensive process of community initiation and regulation. Shows that Judaism in the 1st century was a diverse phenomenon—no a monolithic entity—can’t say, “All Jews believed….”
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Farrer-Goodacre Hypothesis
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addresses the synoptic problem. Mark Goodaker, professor at Duke Divinity School, who dispenses Q by arguing that Luke was dependent on having Matthew as a source.
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Form Criticism
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a model of transmission; informal uncontrolled tradition. The stories changed prior to being written to meet the needs of the early church.
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Formula Quotations
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occur at least 14 times in Matthew. “this happened in order to fulfill….” Matthew is referencing the OT—maybe suggests that Matthew is addressing a Jewish community because he references their scriptures.
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Four-Source Hypothesis
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addresses the synoptic problem and suggests that Matthew and Luke had additional sources other than Mark and Q. Special “M” and “L” material.
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Gematria
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Ancient Jewish practice of interpreting word value with numbers, ex. 14 = David, 666 = Nero—significant because of the Gospel of Matthew—he uses 14 generations. the Jewish practice of interpreting a word based on the numerical value of its letters. Works hard to establish Jesus as the heir of David.
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Genealogies
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contained in both Matthew and Luke’s narratives, which traces the family tree of Jesus. Matthew’s version contains 3 sets of 14 generations. Luke goes back to Adam, Matthew begins with Abraham. Purpose of genealogy is different—more flexible and not always historically accurate. More of a theological genealogy.
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Gospel
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(Euangelion) – originally from the Septuagint. We have examples of this word in Isaiah as well as in writings from the Greco Roman world referencing Augustus. Old English translation = God’s spell or good tidings. Good news.
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Greco-Roman Biography
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– this is the most likely literary genre to place the Gospels. Biographies in this time period have a different expectation than our current biography forms. Not interested in the childhood and the psychological make-up of the character—it was intended to promote a particular message, in this case the message of Jesus for the specific purpose of each other. The focus was on their vocation. Written by Christians who were trying to convince others to have faith in Jesus
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Greisbach Hypothesis
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addresses the synoptic problem. Johann Jacob Greisbach, 1776; William R. Farmer, 1964): Matthew wrote first; Luke used Matthew; Mark used both. Only hypothesis that doesn’t have Markan priority. William Farmer kept this theory alive—not very popular. Mark is an abridgement of both Matt and Luke.
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Hasmoneans
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After the Maccabean revolt, Judah Maccabee establishes the Hasmonean dynasty. Not all Jews supporters and believed they had the right to rule because they established themselves and kings and priests and in Israel’s history these realms had been separate. Not descendants of David. Among a significant portion of the population, they were viewed as not the legitimate heirs—since it was promised through the lineage of David and they didn’t belong to the priestly family. Viewed as usurpers of power. The Hasmoneans set themselves up as kings and high priests—always separate in Jewish history. One group fled into the wilderness to await God’s deliverance: Essenes, who gave us the Dead Sea Scrolls
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Hellenism
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the spread of Greek language and culture throughout the Mediterranean world. Intended to Hellenize Alexander’s conquered world. Septuagint came out of Hellenism.
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Herod Antipas
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son of Herod the Great, was appointed tetrarch of Galilea. His second wife Herodias was also his niece and another man’s wife. This marriage is the subject of John the Baptists execution
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Herod the Great
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37-4 BCE he was openly supported by the Romans who allowed him to rule Palestine as a loosely watched client king. He was despised by many Jews for his racial heritage, disregard for the law, and polygamy (10 wives). was responsible to Roman powers—the Romans direct all politics from 63 BCE onward. (more in notes)
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The first Jewish revolt
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a war fought in Palestine. Between romans and Jews. The Rebellion in 66 CE—a lower priest refused to accept sacrifices from foreigners and barricaded themselves into the Temple and were joined by other rebels. Broke out into a war with Rome—their occupiers from 66-70 CE. Also led to war b/w Jews in the country and their Gentile neighbors. Jews lost and it resulted in the destruction of their temple.
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Josephus
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(Jewish historian)—commander of Jewish forces against the Romans. Was an apologist on behalf of the Jews and Romans; thus, His perspective is not unbiased or objective. Has a strong tendency to minimize the conflict between Jews and Romans. So, it’s difficult to know what really happened whether it was a spiral of violence or outbursts until 66 CE. Main literary source of Jewish/Roman history outside of the Bible.
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Literary genre
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a writing style which shapes the reader’s expectation. Styles of literary genre include biographies, documentary, fiction, comedy, poetry.
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Luke’s Preface
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a highly articulate form of Greek writing, particularly Luke 1:1-4, which according to Graham Stanton is the most carefully honed sentence in the New Testament.
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Maccabean Revolt
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Antiochus IV (“Epiphanes”)—desecrated the Jerusalem temple—began religious persecution of the Jews. Didn’t cause of problem for many Jews because the process of hellenization had already begun. Created a conflict within Judaism also—not just between Greeks and Jews.
The Maccabean Revolt : Not messianic , somewhat atheological |
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Messiah
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anointed—many were anointed in the past but none were divine. King David and Aaron the priest. Jesus was anointed and divine. According to Jews, this Messiah would be a political ruler.
Mashach: anointed Chrio: anoint; Christos: anointed one |
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Messianic Secret
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– a characteristic of Mark’s Gospel, as in Mark 1:34 and Mark 3:11-12. Where Jesus gives orders not to tell others about him. This is sometimes also used by Matthew and Luke. Jesus spoke in parables so that others wouldn’t understand what he said.
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Minor Agreements
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The Achilles heel of the two-source theory: Agreements b/w Mt and LK that go against Mark in the triple tradition—if they’re working independently of each other, how is it that they agree with one another and have changed Mark in exactly the same way. This can possibly be explained by the oral tradition they were exposed to—it could have been communicated to them in that way.
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Models of Oral Transmission
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Models of Oral Transmission – refer to “how did we get the Gospels from an oral to a literary form”.
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form criticism
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story changes to meet the needs of the church—“telephone game” informal and uncontrolled—strung the stories together
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Scandinavian school
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rabbinic style. memorization—formal, controlled.
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a middle way
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informal controlled—community exerts influence for what’s passed on
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a new challenge
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relational proximity—go with those who were eyewitnesses to Jesus or had access to eyewitness (110 or 120 AD).
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Oral tradition
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The scenario: from the 30’s to the 60’s—period of oral transmission from 30 CE and then a period of mostly oral transmission until the Gospel of Mark is written around 70 CE (40 year span). Orality and literacy in the ancient world (only 10% of population was literate at this time. Most would have heard a gospel read to them—when people read texts, those texts were read aloud. (important to read aloud—lends a different interpretive lens to the gospels)
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Papias
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(ca. 110-120 CE)—would rather consult an eyewitness or someone who had direct access to an eyewitness. We know of him through the writings of Eusebias, a historian who wrote in approx 325 CE.
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Pharisees
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were focused on Torah, both written and oral. They believed in the after life and in fate and free will. Their beliefs shifted from politics to piety. Paul the apostle was a Pharisee. Their leadership in the Jewish faith became important after the destruction of the temple in 70 AD
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Pompey
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the Roman leader who assisted Hyrcanus II and then turned him into a client king. Hyrcanus II was the grandfather by to Mariamne who became the wife of Herod the Great.
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Psalms of Solomon
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focus on the political ruling aspects of a coming Messiah. Ex. Psalm 17. Jewish expectation of the messiah.
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Q – Quelle
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a common source used to explain materials shared by Matt and Luke. No historic record of this has been found.
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Redaction criticism
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(editing) is a critical method for the study of Bible texts. Regards the author of the text as editor (redactor) of his source material. redaction criticism does not look at the various parts of a narrative to discover the original genre; instead, it focuses on how the redactor has shaped and molded the narrative to express his theological goals.
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Sadducees
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were members of the ruling aristocracy. They were connected with authority and not associated with commoners. Only accept written Torah, not oral interpretation of the Pharisees. Do not believe in the after life. Not all priests were Sadducees, but all Sadducees were priests. Rivals of the Pharisees.
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Salvation
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read study guide
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Septuagint (LXX)
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a Greek translation of the Old Testament, commonly used by early Christian writers.
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Son of Man
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Jesus often refers to himself in this manner. It’s important in understanding the divinity of Jesus, as in his passion predictions, as well as his coming return. Daniel 7.
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Synoptic Problem
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addresses the literary relationship between Matt, Mark and Luke, as well as their theologically distinct differences. Knowledge of the Development and Production of the Gospels—an item of intellectual curiosity. Confessing Scripture as both Human Word and Divine Revelation—God’s word came through human channels. There is an important relationship between the two—highlight the distinct theological goals of the narrators—their account/witness of Jesus’ life. Unity and Diversity in the Canonical Witnesses to Jesus—not supposed to smooth them all together but show a variety of witnesses to Jesus’ life
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Travel Narrative
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refers to a large section of Luke, 9:51-19:29, which addresses discipleship “ on the way” and has a Jerusalem centered focus.
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Two-Source Hypothesis
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assumes Markan priority and that Matthew and Luke share Q as a literary source. Matt and Luke are also independent from one another.
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Source criticism
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1) nature of sources (were they oral, written, eyewitness, etc?)
2) reliability of sources (how were they preserved and passed on to gospel writers?) 3) historical value of sources (how much actual history did they contain?) 4) consequences of sources (which gospel writers had access to which sources? did later gospel writers use earlier gospels as sources? how did these sources shape their narratives?) |