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40 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
p53
stimulates p21 to prevent S phase with DNA damage
will trigger apoptosis if damage can't be repaired
Rb
regulated by cyclin D/CDK to regulate EF2 which controls transition from G1 to S
ras
signal transduction proto-oncogene
Kip/Cip and INK4/ARF families
CDK inhibitors
gatekeeper genes
directly inhibit cell proliferation or promote cell death
tissue specific
caretaker genes
involved with repair of damaged DNA and maintains genetic stability and fidelity of DNA replication
types of caretaker genes
mismatch repair
nucleotide excision repair
recombination repair
what is the angiogenic switch?
loss of p53
what factors promote angiogenesis?
VEGF and bFGF
8 things necessary for a tumor cells to be metastatic
detach and have decreased cellular cohesion (cadherins)
Matrix degradation (TIMPs)
Cell-matrix attachements (integrins)
Angiogenesis
Motility and migration
Vascular extravasation
Avoid immune surveillance
Survive and proliferate in new environment
what does methylation do?
shuts down genes
What is Gleevec?
tyrosine kinase inhbitor against bcr-abl fusion protein
what do antisense expression vectors (siRNAs) do?
block transcription or translation of oncoproteins
what does ATRA do?
forcibly induces differentiation via RAR alpha mediated transactivation
what characterizs progression?
additional genetic and phenotypic changes required for malignancy
HPV E7 binds to?
Rb
HPV E6 binds to?
p53
2 phenotypes of adenocarcinoma
tubular glandular
endocrine
what is accelerated in FAP?
tumor initiation
what is accelerated in HNPCC?
tumor progression
what does normal APC do?
regulates Beta catenin-->when released it translocates to nucleus and initiates transcription of Wnt target genes-->cell cycle progression
4 things that APC regulates
1. Amt. of free beta catenin
2. MT assembly
3. Axin
4. Certain apoptotic pathways
What do Wnt and notch maintain?
stem cell compartment in crypt
what are tubular adenomas correlated with?
kRas and Smad4 mutations-->see more catenin in cytoplasm and less in membrane-->loss of jxnl integrity
how do NSAIDs decrease polyp formation?
blocks PPARdelta and inhibits cell proliferation effect of free beta catenin and permits cell death
carcinoid tumor
low grade malignancy of endocrine type cells, locally invasive, and capable of metastasis, perhaps with paraneoplastic syndrome
characteristics of small cell carcinoma of the lung
1. cells very small; tumor necrotic
2. nuclear hyperchromasia and "molding"
3. ACTH secreting-->Cushing
what does notch determine in pancrease?
exocrine differentiation
what does high ngn3 determine?
endocrine differentiation in pancreas
marasmus
totally wasted
kwashiorkor
relative protein deficiency
which asbestos fiber is associated with mesothelioma?
amphibole
Class I autopsy finding
findings inconsistent with life
Class II autopsy finding
findings explain death
Class III autopsy finding
minimal pathologic findings, compelling history, exclusion of other causes
Class IV autopsy finding
traceless lethal disorder, well documented history, exclusion of other causes
Class V autopsy finding
undetermined
effective half-life
net combination of physical and biological half-lives in removing radioactive material from the body
per capita radiation dose from CT scanning
1.45mSv
Background radiation exposure
2.5mSv/yr