New/alternative Approaches To Community Development

Front 1

Learning Process Approach

Back 1

• AIMS? - Meet need for "a flexible, sustained,experimental, action-based capacity building style of assistance” (Korten 1980)
• Bottom-up approach
• avoids restriction of top-down approach

Hint 1

Styles of assistance

Bottom-up

top-down

Front 2

People- centred

or empowerment strategy

Back 2

• builds on participatory + LPA
• represents further development of BNA

Hint 2

participatory

further development

Front 3

Human Scale Development (HSD)

Back 3

• displays similarities with people centred – approach
• distinction made between needsand satisfiers
  

Hint 3

similarities

distinction

needs/satisfiers

Front 4

Integrated Rural Development (IRD)

Back 4

• concerned with delivery of services + programme inputs to rural areas
• used same organizational methods as community development
• such as change agents + self-help projects (Holdcroft (1978)
• Failed to avoid Elite bias + generate income employment for rural poor

Hint 4

delivery of services

programme inputs

organizational methods

change agents

Elite bias

Front 5

Basic Needs Approach (BNA)

Back 5

• Developed by World Bank + International Labour Organisation in 1970s
• Emphasis? ERADICATION OF POVERTY
• Never developed methods on how to achieve satisfaction of basic needs
• In 1980s lost its appeal as separate approach towards 3rd World development

Hint 5

World Bank

ERADICATION OF POVERTY

Methods

Front 6

The weak and strong

version of BNA

Back 6

• Distinguished by Wisner (1988)
• Weak (Liberal) BNA - Imposes a set of needs on the poor from the outside
• limits radical potential of participation
• When poor collectively reflect on their needs - Strong (radical) BNA manifests

Hint 6

set of needs

outside

reflect

Front 7

Participatory

Development

Back 7

• Radical view point of BNA - early era of questioning commonly held truth about community
  
• Midgley (1968) two schools of thought in participatory development debate
  
• advocates of liberal or humanistic viewsadvocate of participatory development
  
• How can participation be effective? - Only if it is direct
• Allow communities to control their affairs
• Radical approach has gained ground since 1980s

Hint 7

Radical view point

questioning

two schools of thought

control their affairs

Front 8

Guy Gran (1983) view

on participatory development

Back 8

"the self- sustaining process to engage free men and women in activities that meet their basic needs and, beyond that, realise individually defined human potential within socially defined limits"

Hint 8

engage free men

meet their basic needs

human potential

socially defined limits

Front 9

Radical versions

of participation

in Community Development

Back 9

• Learning Process Approach (LPA)
• People- centred or empowerment strategy
  
• Human Scale Development (HSD)
  

Hint 9

LPA

People- centred

HSD