Nevid Psychology Chapter 5- Professor Allison

Front 1

The spontaneous return of a conditioned response following extinction

Back 1

Spontaneous recovery

Front 2

The process of relearning a conditioned response following extinction

Back 2

Reconditioning

Front 3

The tendency to differentiate among stimuli so that stimuli are related to the original conditioned stimulus, but not identical to it, fail to elicit a conditioned response

Back 3

Stimulus discrimination

Front 4

An emotional response to a particular stimulus acquired through classical conditioning

Back 4

Conditioned emotional reaction

Front 5

Thorondike's principal that responses that have satisfying effects are more likely to reoccur, whereas those that have unpleasant effects are less likely to reoccur

Back 5

Law of Effect

Front 6

In Skinner's view, behavior acquired through coincidental association of a response and reinforcement

Back 6

Superstitious behavior

Front 7

Reinforcers that are naturally rewarding because they satisfy basic biological needs or drives

Back 7

Primary reinforcers

Front 8

Learned reinforcers that develop their rewarding properties because they are associated with primary reinforcers

Back 8

Secondary reinforcers

Front 9

The learning of behaviors that allow an organism to escape from an aversive stimulus

Back 9

Escape learning

Front 10

The learning of behaviors that allow an organism to avoid an aversive stimulus

Back 10

Avoidance learning

Front 11

A learning method in which a series of complex material is broken down into steps that learners master at their own pace

Back 11

Programmed instruction

Front 12

A form of programmed instruction in which a computer is used to guide a learner through a series of increasingly difficult questions

Back 12

Computer-assisted learning

Front 13

A mental representation of an area that helps an organism navigate from one point to another

Back 13

Cognitive map

Front 14

A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

Back 14

Learning

Front 15

Learning to associate two stimuli with one another

Back 15

Associative learning

Front 16

Learning by watching the experiences of others

Back 16

Observational learning

Front 17

Learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Back 17

Classical conditioning

Front 18

Any stimulus that will always and naturally elicit a response

Back 18

Unconditioned stimulus

Front 19

Any response that will always and naturally occur because of the unconditioned stimulus

Back 19

Unconditioned response

Front 20

Any stimulus that does not cause a response (Unconditioned response)

Back 20

Neutral stimulus

Front 21

An automatic, unlearned response to a particular stimuli

Back 21

Reflex

Front 22

Any stimulus that will, after association with the unconditioned stimulus, cause a conditioned response

Back 22

Conditioned stimulus

Front 23

Any response that occurs on presentation of the conditioned stimulus

Back 23

Conditioned response

Front 24

When the neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are put together at the same time and place

Back 24

Pairing

Front 25

When the conditioned response gradually weakens and disappears over time

Back 25

Extinction

Front 26

Tendency for stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response

Back 26

Stimulus generalization

Front 27

The ability to differentiate among related stimuli

Back 27

Stimulus discrimination

Front 28

Conditioned taste aversion occurs when a subject associates the taste of a certain food with symptoms caused by a toxic, spoiled, or poisonous substance

Back 28

Food aversion

Front 29

The systematic application of principles in order to strengthen adaptive behavior and weaken maladaptive behavior

Back 29

Behavior modification therapy

Front 30

Excessive fears of particular objects or situations

Back 30

Phobias

Front 31

A phobia therapy method in which the pairing of exposure in imagination to fear-inducing stimuli and states of deep relaxation

Back 31

Systematic desensitization

Front 32

A series of graduated (least to most) anxiety- arousing stimuli or situations

Back 32

Hierarchy of anxiety

Front 33

Learning through consequences

Back 33

Operant conditioning

Front 34

Strengthens the behavior that came right before it

Back 34

Reinforcement

Front 35

Reinforcement involving the addition of a desired stimulus

Back 35

Positive reinforcement

Front 36

Reinforcement involving the removal of an aversive stimulus

Back 36

Negative reinforcement

Front 37

Reinforcement given for rough approximation of correct behavior and eventually gets more specific

Back 37

Shaping

Front 38

Pre-determined plan for the delivery of reinforcement

Back 38

Schedule of reinforcement

Front 39

Scalloped response

Back 39

Fixed interval

Front 40

Very invariant

Back 40

Variable interval

Front 41

Pause and run

Back 41

Fixed ratio

Front 42

Very rapid

Back 42

Variable ratio

Front 43

Stimulus that weakens the behavior that came before it

Back 43

Punishment

Front 44

Learning that involves mental processes that cannot be directly observed

Back 44

Cognitive learning

Front 45

A type of learning or problem solving that happens all-of-a-sudden through understanding the relationships various parts of a problem rather than through trial and error

Back 45

Insight learning

Front 46

A form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response; it occurs without any obvious reinforcement of the behavior or associations that are learned

Back 46

Latent learning

Front 47

A watch and learn type method of learning

Back 47

Observational learning