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8 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Acetylcholine
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• first one discovered
• released by neurons connected to voluntary muscles • ACh attaches to receptors on target cells o opens sodium channels; muscles contract • broken down by acetylcholinesterase • in brain critical for attention, memory, sleep • ACh-releasing neurons die in Alzheimer’s patients o current drugs inhibit acetylcholinesterase |
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glycine and GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
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• inhibit firing of neurons
• Huntington’s: GABA-producing neurons in areas that control movement degenerate |
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Glutamate and Aspartate
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• excitatory signals
o activate NMDA receptors • learning, memory, development, specification of nerve contacts |
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Dopamine
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• movement: regulation of movements, skilled movements
• cognition and emotion: psychiatric symptoms, psychosis, schizophrenia • endocrine system: directs hypothalamus to manufacture hormones and trigger release of hormones from pituitary |
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Norepinephrine
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• learning and memory
• secreted by sympathetic nervous system in periphery o regulate heart rate, BP o acute stress stimulates its release |
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Serotonin
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• brain: sleep, mood, depression, anxiety
• controls switches affecting emotional state • drugs altering serotonin relive depression, OCD symptoms |
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Opioid peptides
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• Endorphins: kill pain, cause sleepiness
• minimize pain in times of stress, enhance adaptive behavior • activated by painful or tissue-damaging stimuli |
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Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide
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gases diffuse out of neuron; no storage or reception
• NO: governs erection in penis, relaxation in intestinal nerves for digestion, regulates cyclic GMP (intracellular signaling) |