• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/8

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

8 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Acetylcholine
• first one discovered
• released by neurons connected to voluntary muscles
• ACh attaches to receptors on target cells
o opens sodium channels; muscles contract
• broken down by acetylcholinesterase
• in brain critical for attention, memory, sleep
• ACh-releasing neurons die in Alzheimer’s patients
o current drugs inhibit acetylcholinesterase
glycine and GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
• inhibit firing of neurons
• Huntington’s: GABA-producing neurons in areas that control movement degenerate
Glutamate and Aspartate
• excitatory signals
o activate NMDA receptors
• learning, memory, development, specification of nerve contacts
Dopamine
• movement: regulation of movements, skilled movements
• cognition and emotion: psychiatric symptoms, psychosis, schizophrenia
• endocrine system: directs hypothalamus to manufacture hormones and trigger release of hormones from pituitary
Norepinephrine
• learning and memory
• secreted by sympathetic nervous system in periphery
o regulate heart rate, BP
o acute stress stimulates its release
Serotonin
• brain: sleep, mood, depression, anxiety
• controls switches affecting emotional state
• drugs altering serotonin relive depression, OCD symptoms
Opioid peptides
• Endorphins: kill pain, cause sleepiness
• minimize pain in times of stress, enhance adaptive behavior
• activated by painful or tissue-damaging stimuli
Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide
gases diffuse out of neuron; no storage or reception

• NO: governs erection in penis, relaxation in intestinal nerves for digestion, regulates cyclic GMP (intracellular signaling)